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I created this blog as an instrument of what I have encountered in the world of veterinary medicine as a proud vet student. Comments and suggestions are welcome here at;

sweet_daffodil90@yahoo.co.uk

Regards,
Aina Meducci 2012

Disclaimer

The following blog posts is not genuinely from my research but through readings and citation from trusted website. I do not own any of the copyright and therefore you may use it at your own risk

SINCE I AM NOT A VETERINARIAN YET, THEREFORE I CAN'T CONSULT ANY MEDICAL ADVICE TO YOU AND YOUR PETS! EXTREMELY IMPORTANT!.

Happy reading!
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Infectious Canine Hepatitis

I remember during my 2nd year where we had virology oral exam with Dr J. So before waiting our names to be called in, we were scampering for notes and memorized the all the virus and the diseases associated with it like nobody business. Until my name was called, I went and sat in front of the examiner. I was doing quite well for the rest of the exam until he came out with the final question;


"Name the virus that causes infectious canine hepatitis?"


Opps...I blown the day :(


At the end of the semester, virology is my favorite subject


**********************************************************************

Canine infectious hepatitis

Infectious canine hepatitis an acute highly contagious viral disease of dogs which affect the liver and other organs and is characterized by high rise of temperature, diarrhoea, vomiting and convulsion. Dogs of all ages, specially puppies and foxes is affected by this disease. A carrier dog may recover, but continue to spread the virus via its urine for up to six months.Severely affected dogs will have a fever, loss of appetite, depression, diarrhoea, tonsillitis and acute abdominal pain due to an inflamed liver. Death may result within 36 hours. Corneal opacity known as "blue eye" may follow infection.



Abdominal pain in a dog with ICH


Aetilogy and transmission

ICH is caused by a nonenveloped DNA virus, canine adenovirus 1 (CAV-1), which is antigenically related only to CAV-2 (one of the causes of infectious canine tracheobronchitis). CAV-1 is resistant to lipid solvents and survives outside the host for weeks or months, but a 1-3% solution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) is an effective disinfectant.


Ingestion of urine, feces, or saliva of infected dogs is the main route of infection. Recovered dogs shed virus in their urine for ≥6 mo. Initial infection occurs in the tonsillar crypts and Peyer’s patches, followed by viremia and infection of endothelial cells in many tissues. Liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs are the main target organs. Chronic kidney lesions and corneal clouding (“blue eye”) result from immune-complex reactions after recovery from acute or subclinical disease.


Even a dog dish that has been licked clean can carry the virus. The tonsils and lymph nodes are the first body parts effected. The incubation period can last 4-9 days, after which the virus enters the bloodstream.



dog eye diseases photo

Blue eye dog infectious hepatitis



Pathogenesis

The virus can remain in the kidneys of dogs that have recovered from infection for up to one year, making it all the more difficult to determine what locations might be contaminated. The particles enter the body through the nose or mouth and initially infect the tonsils. Here the virus replicates and proceeds to invade the nearby lymph nodes.This process of replication continues for 4 to 8 days, at which point the virus spreads from the lymphatic system and enters the bloodstream.

Once in the blood, CAV-1 particles infect a varieyt of other target organs – the liver, kidneys, and eyes. The viral particles themselves are cytotoxic which is why they are capable of doing so much damage. The liver is almost always the most severely affected organ, with consequences including disturbance of protein and fat manufacture, problems with bile secretion, and difficulty detoxifying drugs, chemicals, and bacteria from food. ICH is generally not fatal, but when it is, death is usually a result of massive hemorrhage, fluid leakage from a severely damaged liver, and central nervous system trauma which triggers seizure and coma.


INFECTIOUS CANINE HEPATITIS IS NOT ZOONOTIC!



Clinical signs

Signs vary from a slight fever to death. The mortality rate is highest in very young dog. The first sign is a fever of >104°F (40°C), which lasts 1-6 days and is usually biphasic (fever associated with 2 different sets of symptoms as it progress) . If the fever is of short duration, leukopenia may be the only other sign, but if it persists for >1 day, acute illness develops. Tachycardia out of proportion to the fever may occur.

On the day after the initial temperature rise, leukopenia develops and persists throughout the febrile period. The degree of leukopenia varies and seems to be correlated with the severity of illness. Signs are anorexia, thirst, conjunctivitis, serous discharge from the eyes and nose, and occasionally abdominal pain and vomiting. Intense hyperemia or petechiae of the oral mucosa, as well as enlarged tonsils, may be seen. There may be subcutaneous edema of the head, neck, and trunk.

Clotting time is directly correlated with the severity of illness. It may be difficult to control hemorrhage, which is manifest by bleeding around deciduous teeth and by spontaneous hematomas, because of underlying disseminated intravascular coagulation. Although CNS involvement is unusual, severely infected dogs may develop convulsions from forebrain damage; brain stem hemorrhages, resulting in paresis, are common.

The fatal form of the disease results in a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Bleeding from the nose and gums, enlarged abdomen due to fluid leaking from the liver, bloody diarrhea and vomit, seizures due to central nervous system association, disorientation, coma, and death may occur. Pets may die suddenly without any obvious illness. Infectious Canine Hepatitis is most severe and the mortality rate is highest in young dogs. Veterinary attention will need to be sought ASAP.


Lesions

Endothelial damage results in “paint brush” hemorrhages on the gastric serosa, lymph nodes, thymus, pancreas, and subcutaneous tissues. Hepatic cell necrosis produces a variegated color change in the liver, which may be normal in size or swollen. The gallbladder wall may be edematous and thickened; edema of the thymus may be found. Grayish white foci may be seen in the kidney cortex.


Diagnosis

Urinalysis and blood tests may be performed in an attempt to detect viral antibodies. Similarly, viral antibodies can be detected using immunofluorescent techniques. In addition, the ELISA test may be used to look for the presence of viral particles in the feces of a sick animal.


Treatment and management

There is no specific treatment for infectious canine hepatitis so treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms until the virus runs its course. Depending on the severity of illness, hospitalization and intravenous fluid therapy may be necessary. Antibiotics don't treat the virus but may be prescribed to ward off secondary bacterial infections. In severe cases, blood transfusions may be necessary

Management for ICH;

(a) Broad spectrum antibiotic -To prevent secondary bacterial infection
(b) Anti emetic - To stop vomiting
(c) Anti diarrhoea- To stop diarrhoea
(d) Anti serum may be tried
(e) Blood transfusion in case of severely infected dog. Dose is 5-8ml/lb of body weight by slow
intra venous infusion
(f) Fluid theraphy - NSS or DNS to restore fluid and electrolyte loss
(g) Anti pyretic – In case of high rise of temperature
(h)Vitamins therapy and protein hydrolysate- To restore vitality
(i) Care nursing of infected dogs


Prevention

  • Vaccination is the most recommended method of preventing Infectious Canine Hepatitis. While it seems logical to vaccinate using the CAV-1 virus, this can usually cause unwanted side effects such as the bluing of the eye and the shedding of virus. Vaccination with a very closely related virus, CAV-2, is much safer, and will help the dog build immunity against CAV-1. CAV-2 is also thought to play a part in a common condition called kennel cough, so vaccinating with CAV-2 would result in immunity to both conditions.



It is important that all puppies commence a vaccination program from 6-8 weeks of age and that all adult dogs have their boosters.

  • Unvaccinated dog should be kept away from public places, dogs outside household, or dirty food bowls that are left outside or belonging to dogs outside household. Keep an eye on the dog during walks to ensure he does not consume urine or feces.
  • Disinfection of contaminated areas with a bleach or iodine solution can kill the virus


Sources: Merks Veterinary Manual, animalhealthcareveterinary.blogspot, ICF; Cornell university college of veterinary medicine, ICF; petsmd.com, Dog eye diseases; dog-health-handbook.com .



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23 comments:

Anonymous said...

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Anonymous said...

Irrespective of receiving daily oral or future injectable depot therapies, these require health care visits for medication and monitoring of safety and response. If patients are treated early enough, before a lot of immune system damage has occurred, life expectancy is close to normal, as long as they remain on successful treatment. However, when patients stop therapy, virus rebounds to high levels in most patients, sometimes associated with severe illness because i have gone through this and even an increased risk of death. The aim of “cure”is ongoing but i still do believe my government made millions of ARV drugs instead of finding a cure. for ongoing therapy and monitoring. ARV alone cannot cure HIV as among the cells that are infected are very long-living CD4 memory cells and possibly other cells that act as long-term reservoirs. HIV can hide in these cells without being detected by the body’s immune system. Therefore even when ART completely blocks subsequent rounds of infection of cells, reservoirs that have been infected before therapy initiation persist and from these reservoirs HIV rebounds if therapy is stopped. “Cure” could either mean an eradication cure, which means to completely rid the body of reservoir virus or a functional HIV cure, where HIV may remain in reservoir cells but rebound to high levels is prevented after therapy interruption.Dr Itua Herbal Medicine makes me believes there is a hope for people suffering from,Parkinson's disease,Schizophrenia,Lung Cancer,Breast Cancer,psoriasis,Colo-Rectal Cancer,Blood Cancer,Prostate Cancer,siva.Fatal Familial Insomnia Factor V Leiden Mutation ,Epilepsy Dupuytren's disease,Desmoplastic small-round-cell tumor Diabetes ,Coeliac disease,Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease,Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy, Ataxia,Arthritis,Amyotrophic Lateral Scoliosis,Fibromyalgia,Fluoroquinolone Toxicity
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Amanda Richard said...

Thanks to Dr. Iyabiye who cured me of Hepatitis B with his herbal medicine, I fell sick September 2019 with symptoms like: ribs pain, dark urine, headache and lost of appetite. I when to hospital and discovered that it was chronic hepatitis. I was given some antiviral drugs to slow it down the viral load so that my liver will not be damaged, but the drugs wasn’t working after sometime and my stomach stated swollen. I came arose his recommendation online while I was searching for help hence the hospital couldn’t help anymore, he administer his medication on me and I was cured after taken the medication. If interested reach him through: iyabiyehealinghome@gmail.com phone +234-815-857-7300

Dr Dinesh Garg said...

Nice Post!
Thanks for sharing the valuable information.
If you have an eye infection and you want to cure your problem by consulting with the best eye doctor then you can come to the best Eye Hospital in Ludhiana at Advanced Centre for Eye.

Tamara Barrow said...

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1. Diabetes
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5. Conceived a child
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Sheri said...

I got tested of hepatitis B early this year, I experienced dark urine and ribs pain so I went to the hospital for treatment and I was diagnosed of HEP B. The doctor gave me anti-retroviral drugs to slowdown the viral load which later worsens the ailment because the drugs weren’t effective and I was so scared because they say it has no cure, out of frustration I told my friend about it and luckily he told me he ones battled same problem in the past but he was saved by Dr. Iyabiye. He gave me his contact and reached him and I became well and tested negative after the treatment. Here is his contact if you have such case. contact: +234-815-857-7300, (iyabiyehealinghome@gmail.com)

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allen said...

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juwan james said...

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Kate said...

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introduce by a blogger who also narrated her story online on how she was
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infection Genital Wart HPV Hepatitis A/B Good luck HSV Pregnancy Ex back.

William V Harris said...

Dr Agbomian Traditional Herbal Therapy is the best to treat Herpes virus, I have had herpes for 12 years now and I have tried so many ways to get rid of herpes totally but to know avail but I kept on searching. Couple weeks ago I came across a review about Dr Agbomian herbs, it was quite convincing because I believe in natural herbs for healing as I have been a vegan for a couple years now. So I decided to give it a try, I am overwhelmed with joy as I am totally free from herpes so I decided to share among others. You can get in touch with Dr Agbomian via email: dragbomianherbalcured77@gmail.com, call/Whatsapp +2347040843115. He does have herbs for Other ailments such as Hpv, Diabetes, Hepatitis, Cervical Cancer. .

Isabella Lucas said...

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Unknown said...

I just want to share my experience with the entire world on how i got my husband back and saved my marriage… I was married for 5 years with 2 kids and i have been living happily with my family until things started getting ugly with me and my husband that leads us to fights and arguments almost every time… it got worse at a point that my husband filed for divorce… I tried my best to make him change his mind & stay with me cause i love him with all my heart and didn't want to loose my husband but everything just didn't work out… He moved out of the house and still went ahead to file for divorce… I pleaded and tried everything but still nothing worked. The breakthrough came when someone introduced me to this wonderful, great spell caster called Dr Mark, Who eventually helped me out… I have never been a fan of things like this but just decided to try it because I was desperate and left with no choice… He did the spell for me and things really work out as he promise and my husband have a change of mind and come back home to stay with me and the kids. And promise never to hurt me again. we are living happily as it was with the help of Dr Mark. If you are in need of any help you can contact Dr Mark Email: drmarktempleforsolution@gmail.com

louisa daniels said...

I was infected with genital herpes in 2017 and I have been on the quest for a cure right from the day I discovered I had the infection. October last year when I almost gave up, I stumbled upon a post on the internet where I copied the email of  a man named Dr ogbekhilu who provides herbal solutions to diseases. i contacted him and got to an agreement with him and he sent me herbal remedy through the united parcel service alongside instruction on how to use it. To my greatest surprise, I got healed after 18 days of using the remedy as assured by the doctor.I decided to share this because I know that there are lots of people out there that need help. contact the doctor via his website https://drogbekhiluherbalhome.simdif.com Contact him for remedy for infection like{1}HIV And AIDS{2}Diabetes{3}Epilepsy{4} Blood Cancer{5} HPV{6} ALS{7}herpes {8}kidney failure{9} autism{10} infertility.....
whatsapp contact : +234(810)2460821






























































































Isaac larry said...

i want to  inform the public how i was cured of herpes  Virus by a Doctor called Dr ishiaku. I visited different hospitals but they gave me a list of drugs like Famvir, Zovirax, and Valtrex which are very expensive to treat the symptoms and never cured me. I was browsing through the Internet searching for remedies on Herpes and I saw comments of people talking about how Doctor ishiaku cured them. I Was scared because i never believed in the Internet but i was convinced to give him a try because i was having no hope of been cured of herpes so i decided to contact him on his email, i searched his email on net and i saw a lot of people testifying about his goodness. When I contacted him he gave me hope and send a Herbal medicine to me that i took and it seriously worked for me, am a free person now without problem, my HERPES result came out negative. You can contact him on his
Email: ishiakuherbalcure@gmail.com or whatsapp him via +2348180828544 and get all your problems solved.
1)Sickness of any kind
2)Help to CURE Hepatitis B, herpes, HIV/AIDS CANCER and BIPOLAR
3)Divorce, Breakup problem and To Re-unit
4)Pregnancy problem
5)Financial problem and Job promotion
6)To get a good and rich life partner
7)To Lose your wrath
8)to enlargement of manhood

Success James said...

I am so Happy to be writing this article in here, i am here to explore blogs forum about the wonderful and most safe cure for HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS.I was positive to the Virus called HERPES and i lost hope completely because i was rejected even by my closet friends. i searched online to know and inquire about cure for HERPES and i saw testimony about DR Ebhota online on how he cured so many persons from Herpes Disease so i decided to contact the great herbalist because i know that nature has the power to heal everything. i contacted him to know how he can help me and he told me never to worry that he will help me with the natural herbs from God! after 2 days of contacting him, he told me that the cure has been ready and he sent it to me via FEDEX or DHL and it got to me after 4 days! i used the medicine as he instructed me (MORNING and EVENING) and i was cured! its really like a dream but i'm so happy! that's the reason i decided to also add more comment of Him so that more people can be saved just like me! and if you need his help,contact his Email: (drebhotasoltion@gmail.com) You can contact him on WhatsApp +2348089535482 He also have the herb to cure difference cure for any sickness (1) HERPES,
(2) DIABETES,
(3) HIV&AIDS,
(4) URINARY TRACT INFECTION,
(5) HEPATITIS B,
(6) IMPOTENCE,
(7) BARENESS/INFERTILITY
(8) DIARRHEA
(9) ASTHMA..

Unknown said...

Thanks to Dr Oduman he cure me of Herpes virus few weeks back.Dr Oduman treat and cure so many disease and virus with his herbal medicine.like kidney, HIV,hepatitis b ,cancer, fibroid.diabetic herpes infection.aids .enlargement prostate.low sperm count ,pregnant problem. all can of disease and virus e.t c..email. Dr Oduman via.(doctorodman836@gmail.com)contract him now on WhatsApp +2347041258702

Tamara Barrow said...

I was diagnosed of herpes 3 years, and ever since then i have been taking treatment to prevent outbreaks, burning and blisters, but there was no improvement until i came across testimonies of Dr. VOODOO on how he has been curing different people from different diseases all over the world, then i contacted him. After our conversation he sent me the medicine which i took according to his instructions for up to 2 weeks. After completing the medication i went back to my doctor for another test and the virus was all gone and i was completely cured, since then i have not had any signs of outbreak. I'm so filled with joy. With herbal medication Herpes Virus is 100% curable. I refer Dr VOODOO to everyone out there with the virus Email: voodoospelltemple66@gmail.com Add Dr voodoo on whatsApp +2348140120719

Tamara Barrow said...

Greetings to the general public, I want to tell about how I was cured of
HIV disease by a Doctor called Dr. voodoo . I was browsing the Internet
searching for remedy on HIV and I saw a comment of people talking about how
Doctor voodoo cured them. I was scared because I never believed in the
Internet but i was convince to give him a try because i having no hope of
been cured of HIV so I decided to contact him with his email that was
listed on the comment voodoospelltemple66@gmail.com when I contacted
him he gave me hope and send a Herbal medicine to me that I took and
it seriously worked for me, am a free person now without problem,
my HIV result came out negative. I pray for you Dr. voodoo God will give
you everlasting life, you shall not die before your time for being sincere
and great men. Am so happy, you can also contact him if you have any
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