tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-33789704152672981222024-03-16T11:52:37.169-07:00Dr Meducci vet's blogA passion of a girl dreamed ofAina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.comBlogger115125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-17693863753714149392012-11-29T06:31:00.000-08:002012-11-29T06:31:07.678-08:00Runting and Stunting syndromeI'm going to broiler farm for avian trip. Here's the chief complaint.<br />
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Same age but different growth stage</div>
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<b>Runting and stunting syndrome</b></div>
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Few things are well defined regarding runting-stunting syndrome. Starting by its very name, “runting stunting” is poorly defined and will probably be changed in the future depending on the etiological agent o agents identified. In poultry, a “runt” is <span style="text-align: left;">defined as an animal that is unusually small, especially the smallest of a flock. </span><span style="text-align: left;">“Stunting” relates to the hindering of the normal growth of an individual. Thus, </span><span style="text-align: left;">“runting-stunting” can be defined as a syndrome in which a number of individuals in a </span><span style="text-align: left;">flock appear considerably small due to delayed growth. The larger the number of </span><span style="text-align: left;">chickens that are unusually small, the lower the body weight average for the flock.</span></div>
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Runting-stunting syndrome (RSS) has been recognized for many years and was first described in the 1970s. One can think of a seemingly endless list of possible causes for RSS, including faulty poultry genetics, management, environmental challenge, <span style="text-align: left;">feeding and nutrition, infectious disease and perhaps other reasons and any possible </span><span style="text-align: left;">combination of them. </span></div>
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Although some features of RSS have been reproduced upon experimental infection with reovirus, the general consensus is that these viruses are unlikely to be the sole culprit in RSS. Small round viruses (small within the context of general virology) have been visualized many times in the intestines and intestinal contents of affected broiler chickens using electron microscopy, but such viruses can also be found in nonaffected flocks or individual chickens. </div>
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<b><span style="color: red;">This condition is usually seen between 3-6 weeks of age and is usually observed in meat type chickens.</span></b></div>
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Brooding at cool temperatures tends to worsen RSS symptoms, as does short down-time between flocks. Certain strains of birds appear to be more susceptible to the effects of RSS than others and male birds are more severely affected than females (Zavala and Barbosa, 2006). However, it is interesting to note that researchers have found that resistant broiler strains have stronger immunological responses than susceptible strains. This difference is particularly pronounced when gut immunity is compared (Rebel et al., 2006). Some researchers have suggested that the poor growth and retarded feathering (which are consistently observed in RSS cases) are due to a common underlying infection, while virtually all other symptoms result from other infections or management factors.</div>
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Clinically, affected flocks show large numbers of immobile chicks huddling around the feeders and drinkers within hours after placement. Some may peck incessantly at the walls. The litter quickly becomes damp and chicks may exhibit matted down in the abdominal area as a result of resting on wet litter. Consumption of chick starter feed typically lasts a day or two longer than usual. As early as 6-7 days of age many chicks will already appear stunted, pale and sometimes disoriented, but the usual peak of the problem occurs at around 10-12 days of age. The bodies of affected chicks will look small relative to the length of the primary feathers of the wings and beak. A small number of affected chicks may display “helicopter” feathers in their wings and other feather abnormalities. </div>
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“Helicopter” wing feathers</div>
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Some of the internal gross lesions or changes that have characterized recent cases of RSS include (not exclusively): small livers with a grossly enlarged gall bladder; pale, thin, almost translucent intestinal wall with wet pellets of undigested food that is visible through the intestinal wall; large amount of fluids inside the small and large intestines; infrequent feed impaction in the cloaca; occasional increased amount of pericardial fluid; sporadic white or cream-colored plaques in individual proventricular glands. </div>
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Proventriculitis or proventricular distension. The poventriculus is large almost as the gizzard.</div>
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Diffuse enlargement of the poventriculus due to thickening of its wall. </div>
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Normal (left) and affected (right) poventiculus. </div>
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Various microscopic lesions have been described but the most frequent one is the presence of multiple cysts involving the intestinal crypts. The early lesion can described as “cystic enteropathy” and as it evolves into an inflammatory lesion it turns into “cystic enteritis”. The nature of the inflammatory responses suggests a viral etiology rather than <span style="text-align: justify;">bacterial. As the lesion progresses it may result in shortening and clubbing of the </span>intestinal villi. Other microscopic lesions are important observations but they are not <span style="text-align: justify;">always present in cases of RSS. Viruses, nutritional deficiencies and parasites have been </span>proposed as possible etiologies of cystic enteropathy. Until now, only deficiencies of some complex B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, and niacin) have consistently reproduced cystic enteropathy. </div>
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<b>Treament</b></div>
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No treatment available</div>
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<b>Control</b></div>
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When RSS is reported in an area, it is important for the industry in the area to tighten Biosecurity procedures to reduce the possibility of exposure and to slow the spread of the disease. It is particularly important to emphasize procedures that control farm visitors, properly manage disposal of mortality and limit vermin infestations (rodents, wild birds and insects). </div>
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The objective of proper poultry house management is to provide an environment for the birds that is virtually stress free. In RSS situations, poultry house management is doubly important. Good management starts before the birds arrive. A minimum of 12 days of downtime should be allowed between flocks. Since litter has been shown to transmit the disease, it should be removed if birds have broken with RSS. If it is not possible to remove the litter, heat the litter to 100°F for 100 hours or compost the litter in the poultry house to lessen the possibility of passing the disease to the next flock via litter. The brood chamber should be cleaned and disinfected as thoroughly as possible prior to chick placement. Since low brooding temperatures have been shown to worsen the effects of RSS, DO NOT reduce brooding temperatures to save fuel. Check on birds often and maintain a house environment that is as stress free as possible. Remove dead birds quickly and cull severely if RSS breaks. The application of vinegar or other acidifiers via water may reduce spread of the disease. Supplemental vitamins and minerals in both breeder and broiler feeds has also been shown to improve immunity in chicks and their ability to deal with RSS. </div>
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Certain strains of reovirus (e.g. 1733 and 2408) were originally implicated as the cause of RSS and vaccines have been developed for such strains. While vaccination of broilers for RSS may be effective about 50% of the time, a consistent vaccination program for breeders often provides long term benefits (Shane, 2008, van der Heide, 2000). RSS vaccination programs for breeders generally provide protection for adult birds, reducing the possibility of spread to young birds. In addition, immunity in breeder hens is passed to chicks, helping to protect them from the disease</div>
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Sources</div>
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The poultry informed professional; www.poultry-health.com, Runting and stunting syndromes in broilers; www.poultrysite.com, REO Virus (Runting and stunting syndrome)www.vetsoft.com, Runting ans stunting syndrome; www.poltrymed.com</div>
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Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-59416029621271006732012-11-10T19:49:00.001-08:002012-11-10T19:49:33.659-08:00Avian disease: Infectious coryzaRecently I have encountered an avian case of which we cant really tell what it is cos we're still investigating the case. But from our differential, infectious coryza is one of them. The chicken was found with swollen face plus respiratory problems.<br />
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Swollen face</div>
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<b>Infectious coryza</b></div>
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A usually acute, sometimes chronic, highly infectious disease of chickens, occasionally pheasants and guinea-fowl, characterised by catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, especially nasal and sinus mucosae.</div>
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<b>Aetiology</b></div>
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The causative bacterium, Haemophilus paragallinarum (gallinarum) is a gram-negative, pleomorphic, nonmotile, catalase-negative, microaerophilic rod that requires nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (V-factor) for in vitro growth. When grown on blood agar with a staphylococcal nurse colony that excretes the V-factor, the satellite colonies appear as dewdrops, growing adjacent to the nurse colony.</div>
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Chocolate agar is an excellent <i>Haemophilus</i> growth medium as it allows for increased accessibility to these factors.Alternatively, <i>Haemophilus</i> is sometimes cultured using the "Staph streak" technique: both Staphylococcus and Haemophilus organisms are cultured together on a single blood agar plate. In this case, Haemophilus colonies will frequently grow in small "satellite" colonies around the larger Staphylococcus colonies because the metabolism of Staphylococcus produces the necessary blood factor by-products required for Haemophilus growth.</div>
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<i>Hemophilus</i> on blood agar plate</div>
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<b>Transmission</b></div>
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Chronically ill or healthy carrier birds are the reservoir of infection. Chickens of all ages are susceptible, but susceptibility increases with age. The <b>incubation period is 1-3 days,</b> and the disease duration is usually 2-3 wk. Under field conditions, the duration may be longer in the presence of concurrent diseases, eg, mycoplasmosis.</div>
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Infected flocks are a constant threat to uninfected flocks. Transmission is by direct contact, airborne droplets, and contamination of drinking water. Commercial farms that have multiple-age flocks tend to perpetuate the disease. <b>Egg transmission does not occur (no vertical transmission).</b></div>
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The bacterium survives 2-3 days outside the bird but is easily killed by heat, drying and disinfectants. Intercurrent respiratory viral and bacterial infections are predisposing factors.</div>
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<b>Clinical signs</b><br />
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Facial swelling.<br />
Purulent ocular and nasal discharge.<br />
Swollen wattles.<br />
Sneezing.<br />
Dyspnoea.<br />
Loss in condition.<br />
Drop in egg production of 10-40%.<br />
Inappetance</div>
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<img alt="Infectious Coryza" src="http://www.theranger.co.uk/images/News/32_1.jpg" /></div>
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Facial swelling: Common finding</div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9aSL9eYjAHratasd1rrLA7P4sGvMaJzaXI7rRi3P4dJ66d1466bkVwzw1w-xCYme2ZnwKxYDisYsSmIPUWAFTjB1M5SZovPQTphg6X7w4lxqqxTxWnYmCRoQ-AhwoKWQC8qt94h8NNP4i/s320/Infectious+coryza.jpg" /></div>
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Purulent discharge. Note the solid white material under the eye</div>
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Swelling of infraorbital sinuses and eye discharges</div>
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<b>Post-mortem lesions</b></div>
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<li>Catarrhal inflammation of nasal passages and sinuses.</li>
<li>Conjunctivitis.</li>
<li>Eye-lid adherence.</li>
<li>Caseous material in conjunctiva/sinus.</li>
<li>Tracheitis.</li>
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<img alt="Preview Image" src="http://partnersah.vet.cornell.edu/avian-atlas/sites/agilestaging.library.cornell.edu.avian-atlas/files/CORYZA-006A%20x420.jpg" /></div>
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Severe fibrinosuppurative conjunctivitis</div>
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Infraorbital sinus: Catarrhal and suppurative sinusitis</div>
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Air sacs: Severe diffuse caseous airsacculitis (uncommon finding)</div>
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The histopathologic response of respiratory organs consists of<b> disintegration and hyperplasia of mucosal and glandular epithelia and edema with infiltration of heterophils, macrophages, and mast cells.</b></div>
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<b>Differential diagnosis</b></div>
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<li>Mycoplasmosis</li>
<li>Infectious Laryngotracheitis</li>
<li>Newcastle disease</li>
<li>Infectious bronchitis</li>
<li>Avian Influenza</li>
<li>Swollen head syndrome</li>
<li>Vitamin A dificiency</li>
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<b>Diagnosis</b><br />
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Isolation of a gram-negative, satellitic, catalase-negative organism from chickens in a flock with a history of a rapidly spreading coryza is diagnostic. The catalase test is essential, as nonpathogenic Haemophilus organisms, which are catalase-positive, are present in both healthy and diseased chickens. A PCR test that can be used on the live chicken and that has proved superior to culture, even in developing countries, has been developed. Production of typical signs after inoculation with nasal exudate from infected into susceptible chickens is also reliable diagnostically. No suitable serologic test exists; a hemagglutination-inhibition test is the best of the available tests.<br />
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<b>Treatment</b><br />
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Erythromycin and oxytetracycline are usually beneficial. Several new-generation antibiotics (eg, fluoroquinolones, macrolides) are active against infectious coryza. Various sulfonamides, sulfonamide-trimethoprim, and other combinations have been successful but must not be used in <b>layers</b>. In more severe outbreaks, although treatment may result in improvement, the disease may recur when medication is discontinued.</div>
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Preventive medication may be combined with a vaccination program, if started pullets are to be reared or housed on infected premises.<br />
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<b>Control</b></div>
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Prevention is the only sound method of control. “All-in/all-out” farm programs with sound management and isolation methods are the best way to avoid the disease. Replacements should be raised on the same farm or obtained from clean flocks. If replacement pullets are to be placed on a farm that has a history of infectious coryza, bacterins are available to help prevent and control the disease.<br />
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<b>Sources:</b><br />
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The merck's veterinary manual, Altlas of Avian diseases, Cornell university, college of veterinary medicine. Infectious coryza;www.poultrysite.com.</div>
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<br />Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com9tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-2648708989571062202012-10-01T05:40:00.000-07:002012-10-01T05:40:20.669-07:00Hemostasis: Blood clotting mechanism<span style="text-align: justify;">I'm not feeling good . We had a brief discussion with professor regarding pathogenesis of anthrax, the toxin production, ect ect ect. It was pretty good at first because we are discussing but it turned us down because he asked about BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM. Oh my god, I hardly remember any of them :( It made me realised that there are many things i have left out. Oh my,,</span><br />
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How does the bleeding is stopped?</div>
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<br /><br />Blood coagulation refers to the process of forming a clot to stop bleeding. There are 3 mechanisms that work together to stop the flow of blood. They are;<div>
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3. Clotting of blood</div>
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<br /><br />Vasoconstriction of a damaged blood vessel slows the flow of blood and thus helps to limit blood loss. This process is mediated by:<br /><br /><div>
Local controls. Vasoconstrictors such as thromboxane are released at the site of the injury.<br />Systemic control. Epinephrine released by the adrenal glands stimulates general vasoconstriction</div>
<br /> Platelet plug. Platelets aggregate to the site of the injury. They stick together acting as a "plug." Platelets also activate the process which causes a fibrin clot to form, known as secondary hemostasis. Platelets stick to collagen and become activated. Activated platelets release chemicals such as ADP, and thromboxane, that cause the aggregation of more platelets to the site of injury. Platelet aggregation results in the formation of a platelet plug which acts to stem the flow of blood from the broken vessel. It is essential that platelets become activated only at the site of a broken vessel. Otherwise activated platelets would form plugs and induce clots in inapropriate places. Healthy vessels secrete an enzyme called prostacyclin that functions to inhibit platelet activation and aggregation.<br /><br /><div>
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Platelets alone are not enough to secure the damage in the vessel wall. A clot must form at the site of injury. The formation of a clot depends upon several substances called clotting factors. These factors are designated by roman numerals I through XIII. These factors activate each other in what as known as the clotting cascade. The end result of this cascade is that fibrinogen, a soluble plasma protein, is cleaved into fibrin, a nonsoluble plasma protein. The fibrin proteins stick together forming a clot. </div>
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The blood contains about a dozen clotting factors. These factors are proteins that exist in the blood in an inactive state, but can be called into action when tissues or blood vessels are damaged. The activation of clotting factors occurs in a sequential manner. The first factor in the sequence activates the second factor, which activates the third factor and so on. This series of reactions is called the clotting cascade.<br /><br /><br />Blood clotting is the transformation of liquid blood into a semisolid gel. Clots are made from fibers (polymers) of a protein called fibrin. Fibrin monomers come from an inactive precursor called fibrinogen. The body of the fibrinogen molecule has caps on its ends that mask fibrin-to-fibrin binding sites. If the caps are removed then fibrin monomers polymerize to form fibrin polymers. This process requires thrombin, the enzyme that converts fibrinogen to fibrin. This process also requires calcium, which acts as a kind of glue to hold the fibrin monomers to each other to form the polymeric fiber. The fibrin fibers form a loose meshwork that is stabilized by clotting factor XIII. The stabilized meshwork of fibrin fibers traps erythrocytes, thus forming a clot that stops the flow of blood.</div>
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<img src="http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/images/blood%20cells/clot.jpg" /></div>
<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />The clotting cascade occurs through two separate pathways that interact, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathway. </div>
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<br />The extrinsic pathway is activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from the vascular system. This pathway is quicker than the intrinsic pathway. It involves factor VII.<br /></div>
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<b>Intrinsic Pathway</b><br /><br />The intrinsic pathway is activated by trauma inside the vascular system, and is activated by platelets, exposed endothelium, chemicals, or collagen. This pathway is slower than the extrinsic pathway, but more important. It involves factors XII, XI, IX, VIII. Damage to the vessel wall stimulates the activation of a cascade of clotting factors (for the sake of simplicity we will not consider the individual factors). This cascade results in the activation of factor X. Activated factor X is an enzyme that converts prothrombin to thrombin. Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin monomers, which then polymerize in fibrin fibers. Fibrin fibers form a loose meshwork that is stabilized by crosslinks created by factor XIII. The stabilzed meshwork of fibrin fibers is now a clot that traps red blood cells and platelets and thus stops the flow of blood.</div>
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<b><br /></b>Both pathways meet and finish the pathway of clot production in what is known as the common pathway. The common pathway involves factors I, II, V, and X.</div>
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<img height="287" src="http://www.pcsd.k12.ny.us/bwoods/Regents%20Biology/Chapter%2010%20Blood%20and%20Immunity/42-16-BloodClotting-L.gif" width="400" /></div>
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<b>Summary of blood clotting mechanism</b></div>
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<b>Inhibition of blood clotting</b><br /><br />It would be dangerous if blood clotting were to continue to expand beyond the boundaries of the injury. Excessive clotting is inhibited because:<br />Clotting factors are rapidly inactivated. There are enzymes in the blood that function to inactivate clotting factors. As clotting factors are taken away from the site of injury by the blood stream, they become inactivated by these enzymes. This ensures that clotting will only occur at the site of injury and not progress steadily down the vessel.<br />Fibrin fibers inhibit the activity of thrombin. Thrombin acts to convert fibrinogen to fibrin, yet fibrin fibers have an inhibitory effect on the activity of thrombin. As the clot grows this inhibition intensifies. This constitutes a negative feedback loop, where the product of thrombin activity (fibrin) feeds back to shut off thrombin.<br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/images/blood%20cells/clotinhibition.jpg" /></div>
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<b>Clot Removal</b><br /><br />Blood clots are designed to be temporary. After the clot has formed, the process of vessel repair begins. Epithelial cells at the margin on the injury undergo cell division. These new cells eventually fill the gap in the vessel created by the injury. Also, cells called fibroblasts are recruited to the area. Fibroblasts form connective tissue that repairs the basement membrane of the vessel (fibroblasts also form scar tissue that may or may not be removed over time). At this point the vessel is healed and the blood clot is no longer needed. </div>
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<br />The clot itself stimulates the secretion of tissue plasminogen activator (TPA) from the surrounding vascular epithelium. TPA is an enzyme that catalyzes the conversion ofplasminogen to plasmin. Plasminogen is an inactive precursor molecule found in the blood, but plasmin is an enzyme that dissolves clots. Plasmin levels are not very high so clot removal is a slow process. By the time the clot has been completely dissolved by plasmin, the vessel has had a chance to heal itself. In summary, the clot, which forms rapidly, calls for its own destruction by initiating the activation of plasmin.<br /><br /><br /><div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/images/blood%20cells/TPA.jpg" /></div>
<br /><br /><br />Anticoagulants are substances that inhibit the process of clotting.<div>
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<ol>
<li><b>Heparin</b><ul>
<li>produced primarily in the liver and lung (usually obtained from pigs or cows)</li>
<li>acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting the activity of thrombin</li>
<li>Used clinically for acute problems, also used to prevent clotting in IVs (heplock)</li>
<li>fast acting, but short-lived drug. It must be injected to be effective.</li>
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<li><b>Coumadin (dicoumarol, warfarin)</b><ul>
<li>taken orally in small doses for long-term control of blood clotting</li>
<li>acts as an anticoagulant by inhibiting the processing of vitamin K, which is required for the synthesis of several clotting factors including prothrombin.</li>
<li>It is slow acting, requiring days to have an effect.</li>
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<li><b>Citrates</b></li>
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<li>Calcium is required for polymerization of fibrin.</li>
<li>Citrates bind up (chelate) calcium and thus inhibit the formation of clots</li>
<li>Citrates are used in long term blood storage.</li>
<li>Transfusion of large amounts of citrate-containing blood can be dangerous. The citrates chelate calcium in the body and thus disrupt processes such as nerve transmission and muscle contraction.</li>
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<b><br /><br />Blood Clotting Disorders</b></div>
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<tr><td><span style="color: #003366; font-size: medium;"><b>Von willebrand disease</b></span><br />Animal with this inherited disorder bleed excessively due to an inability to rapidly form blood clots. This defect could be caused by a deficiency of any of the clotting factors.<br />
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<b><span style="color: #003366; font-size: medium;">Vitamin K deficiency</span></b><br />
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Vitamin K is essential to the maturation of several clotting factors including factor X and prothrombin. In the absence of vitamin K these clotting factors are defective and thus inhibit the clotting mechanism. </div>
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<br /><br /><br /><br />References: Mechanism of blood clotting;<a href="http://departments.weber.edu/chpweb/hemophilia/mechanisms_of_blood_coagulation.htm">http://departments.weber.edu/chpweb/hemophilia/mechanisms_of_blood_coagulation.htm</a>, Homeostasis; <a href="http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Hemostasis.htm">http://www.biosbcc.net/doohan/sample/htm/Hemostasis.htm</a><br /><br /><br /></div>
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Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-57711232200251560992012-08-10T09:22:00.006-07:002012-08-10T09:58:08.578-07:00The Modified Robert Jones Bandage<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">In class, we were taught to demonstrate modified Robert Jones Bandage with a cat. This is just a quick revision before I started my clinical industrial training shortly.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSRsEQnUkZwALe73SEQk9Yf2fSg9DoEw0eqoKZjoOPBQKla4GOF" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Bandaging a cat using MRJB</div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The Robert Jones bandage is a common<b> external splint </b>applied to a limb for the <b>temporary support </b>of a fracture before surgical intervention can occur. It is used to treat many canine and feline limb injuries (e.g., tibial fractures, severe limb lacerations). It promotes healing by immobilizing the injured area, thereby limiting swelling and providing protection from secondary trauma. Compared with other padded bandages, the Robert-Jones bandage offers limb stability, tissue fluid absorption, and protection from trauma. Generally, most of the compression is lost after several hours to days as the cotton loosens. For definitive support of a fracture the bandage should never be on <b>longer than a few days</b> without reinforcement using rigid splint material.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color:#ff0000;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">The Modified Robert Jones bandage can be applied for the temporary compression of a limb after surgery. It functions to protect the incision site and decrease swelling to aid in healing.</span> </span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Materials needed</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Stirrup tape</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcToPwQ3KZospcZvpPgQatM8dKKM6yAf2RFCUxGlgLDjcZgX1m89Dw" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Cotton roll (Plenty of them)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSFxSwq33gf-SEtMDqjsOBBNHk8DPQMdS6nssAlgZ2DpHtldL4G" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Surgical cast padding</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSkGujxCjktdcdIbdvSYimaHAI619hshIkkElbu5rlbYzQpSnlwGg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">A Vet wrap (only 1)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Let's just says a dog with fracture hindlimb underwent surgery to correct the bone. This is the steps on how the animal should be bandage to protect the bone. The 5 very simple step.</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/orthopod/images/bandaging/rgb1sm.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Step 1</div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Step 1: Using white bandage tape, place stirrups on the distal 1/3rd of the limb overlapping the toes and extending approximately an equal length from the end of the leg. Be sure to tab the ends for easy separation later on. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/orthopod/images/bandaging/mrgb2sm.jpg" /> </div><span><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Step 2</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Step 2: Wrap the leg lightly with cast padding starting at the toes and moving proximally. Overlap the bandage 50% as you wrap and try to get 2 layers of padding. Note - it is important not to exceed approximately two layers of cast padding. Excessive padding will cause premature loosening of the bandage as the cotton compresses overtime. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/orthopod/images/bandaging/mrgb3sm.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Step 3</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><strong style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></strong></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Step 3: Wrap the leg tightly with a conforming bandage starting at the toes and moving proximally. This is the step where you create compression, however, not as much as you would with the standard Robert Jones bandage. Overlap the bandage 50% as you wrap and make sure the toes are still visible. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/orthopod/images/bandaging/mrgb4sm.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Step 4</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><strong style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></strong></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Step 4: Separate the tape stirrups, rotate them proximally, and secure them to the compression bandage thus creating a barrier and preventing the bandage from slipping down. Note - you should always make sure some of the underlying cast padding is visible on the end by the toes. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/orthopod/images/bandaging/mrgb5sm.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Step 5</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><strong style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></strong></div></span><span><span>Step 5: Wrap the leg in vet wrap starting at the toes at an angle to cover the distal ends of the bandage and again moving proximally as you progress. Be sure to overlap 50% as you apply the material.<br /><br /><br /><br />Sources: Directly taken from: </span></span></span></span></span><a href="http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/orthopod/csfr/terms/modifiedrobertjonesbandagecipage.htm">http://cal.vet.upenn.edu/projects/orthopod/csfr/terms/modifiedrobertjonesbandagecipage.htm</a></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-10830761472738405632012-08-08T09:42:00.002-07:002012-08-08T10:59:56.138-07:00Pyrethrins and pyrethroids toxicity<div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Just about going to sleep when suddenly my brother says our persian-mixed cat licking the excess chrysanthemum tea from his cup. I told him no! because I remembered what our prof told us in class regarding chrysanthemum toxicity. See, being a vet makes you know everything about do and dont's in animal!</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">**************************************************************</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT5gpxRfPUoWNWe31Kigbvu3SibMdpp3W5gGHJBKitKHy-PwftE" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">Nice tea..but,,</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: left; "><b>What are Pyrethrins?</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: left; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left; "><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Extracted from dried flowers of the <i><b>chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium</b>,</i> natural pyrethrins are insect repellents. Both natural pyrethrins and synthetic ones called permethrins are used in insecticides and pet flea and tick products.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-style: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; font-style: normal; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; font-style: normal; "><img 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" /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; font-style: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><b style="text-align: justify; "><i>Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium</i></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; font-style: normal; "><span style="text-align: justify; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; font-style: normal; "><span style="text-align: justify; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>What are pyrethroids?</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pyrethroids (allethrin, alphacypermethrin, bioremethrin, cypermethrin, deltamethrin, fenvalerate. permethrin, phenothrin, resmethrin, tetramethrin) are synthetic pyrethrins.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pyrethrins and pyrethroids are used in as insecticides for the treatment of endoparasitic infestation. They are use in cats, dogs, sheep, cattle, poultry, horses, goats and humans. They are used in dogs for the control of fleas and lice. Preparations are available as dusting flowers, shampooa and sprays.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRea4nnBqamHgLFo2xO3Ovtc863XAJevo1M4-YN0sBm1XWyJT9C" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Flea spray containing pyrethrin</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTaRSsBzCQqw8SoRm5gO0bhQtKcoZQ3Li8zaeoqbTotVzMZPSZEMA" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Shampoo containing pyrethrin</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span class="arsubsubhead" style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 12px; color: rgb(247, 148, 29); font-family: arial, tahoma, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><span><b>Toxic Dose </b></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: left; "><span>Varies depending upon<b> type of pyrethroid, size of animal, and species.<br /></b><br /></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>Mechanism of toxicity</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span><span>Toxicity may arise from self-grooming of treated hair. Occasionally, toxicity may arise from animals being in close association with or grooming treated animals</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRMUYSCuOD0j-yorBQGhEDudPxH376W8tg738VNeGB0EhIBnZxN4g" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; ">The toxic effects of pyrethroids and pyrethrins are due to alteration of the kinetics of voltage dependent sodium channels in nerves membrane, which causes repetitive discharge or membrane depolarisation (sodium unable to get out). Some pyrethroids may also inhibit GABA receptors causing loss inhibition. This can lead to hyperexcitability of nervous tissues and maybe the mechanism by which these compound produce convulsion.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSg8M1-ORyxFhF6XPyTZe6FShN7GKSMcMwJwoYgBBL-_hbDdFWB" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Convulsion (seizures)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Natural pyrethrins are broken down by digestive juices, while the liver metabolizes synthetic pyrethrins before they enter an animal's GI tract. <b>Pyrethrin toxicity in cats occurs because their livers are incapable of properly metabolizing synthetic pyrethrins.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: start; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">All pyrethrins are easily hydrolyzed and degraded by<b> stomach acids </b>so toxicity following ingestion by pets is very low. Toxicities, although <b>rare</b>, do occur. A cat or dog with pyrethrin toxicosis generally will salivate, tremor, vomit, and may seizure. Generally, signs of toxicosis will be gone after 24 hours. Pyrethrins are some of the safest ingredients available, especially when one expects ingestion may occur, as is the case of cats and kittens. If lactating, breeding or pregnant animals must be treated for external parasites, pyrethrins are often recommended. Pyrethrins are generally safe for kittens as young as 4-6 weeks of age.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Clinical effect</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Onset is usually 1-3 hours, sometimes up to 12 hours. Effects may have duration of 1-3 days. Simultaneous exposure to organophosphate insecticides may increase the toxicity of pyrethroids and pyrethrins. Piperonyl butoxide often added as a synergist to delay metabolism and increase toxicity in insects, produces effects similar to that of pyrethrins and pyrethroids. The clinical signs are shown below</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Vomiting</li><li>Diarrhea</li><li>Ataxia</li><li>Tremor</li><li>Twitching</li><li>Dilated pupils</li><li>tachycardia</li><li>Pyrexia</li><li>Hyperexatability</li><li>Thirst</li><li>Fasciculation</li><li>Convulsions</li><li>Hyperaesthesia</li></ul><div><br /></div><div><b>Treatment</b></div><div><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">If within 2 hours of ingestion, induce vomiting or perform gastric lavage and then administer adsorbents</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Emetics:</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li>Xylaxine (0.2mg/kg IV, 0.5-1 mg/kg SC or IM)</li><li>Apomorphine (0.005 mg/kg IV/IM, 0.1 mg/kg SC)</li></ul><div><br /></div><div>Adsorbent</div><div><ul><li>Activated charcoal (2 g/kg IM/SC)</li></ul><div><br /></div></div><div>Treatment thereafter is essentially symptomatic and supportive. Cats exposed to topical forms of synthetic pyrethrins should be thoroughly bathed with mild dish soap and lukewarm water. Overly warm water may enhance absorption of the pyrethrins, worsening the symptoms. For cats with minimal exposure this treatment may be enough.If the cat has absorbed lots of synthetic pyrethrins, she may need treatment with an anti-seizure medication like <b>diazepam</b> and/or the anti-tremor medication methocarbynol along with IV fluids to balance her electrolytes. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><span>The body temperature is monitored, especially after bathing, as hypothermia increases the toxicity. Other treatments include anticonvulsants and/or muscle relaxants for controlling the seizures, and providing a safe environment to prevent injury resulting from the incoordination and disorientation. Atropine can be used to help decrease some of the signs such as the <b>drooling</b>. Fluids are generally administered. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Most pets recover from pyrethrin intoxication within 24-48 hours; recovery from pyrethroids may take longer. If no improvement is seen within 24 hours with treatment, the pet should be reevaluated. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span style="color:#ff0000;"></span></span></div><span><span><span style="color:#ff0000;"><br /></span><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color:#ff0000;">" Pyrethrin is NOT the same as permethrin. Permethrin is a synthetic pyrethrin, and is less easily broken down than pyrethrin. Although its toxicity is relatively low, it is higher than that of pyrethrin. Pyrethrins can be used on cats; permethrins should NOT be used on cats. "</span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color:#ff0000;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color:#ff0000;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="color:#ff0000;"><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: Handbook poisoning of dogs and cats, Blackwell science, pyrethrins and pyrethroid www.petseducation.com, The use of pyrethrins and pyrethroids in cats and dogs www.peteducation.com, Pyrethrins toxicity in cats.</div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color:#ff0000;"><b></b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="margin: 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 13px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; text-align: left; "><br /></span></div></div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com5tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-52724196125976070552012-07-31T03:05:00.004-07:002012-08-01T00:25:27.485-07:00Why red blood cell has no nucleus?<span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size:100%;">I came across this terminologies while reading;</span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><b>" Why red blood cell has no nucleus? "</b></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">Here's the answer:</span></div><div><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">While in the bone marrow, the developing red blood cells are nuclear. They include in order of maturity, the prorubricyte, rubricyte and metarubricyte (being the most matured). Just before being released from the bone marrow, the metarubicyte discard their nuclei.Therefore rbc in most domestic animal (except birds) are anuclear, biconcave, discoid cells.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">Hence, with no nucleus, the number oxygen's molecule that can bind to the haemoglobin can be increased up to 4 molecules for each red blood cells.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.as.miami.edu/chemistry/2086/chap19/NEWChapter%2019-Part1_files/image011.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Erythrocyte maturation diagram</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Sources: Veterinary Medical Terminologies 2nd edition, Saunders Elsevier</div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-38458018946565853332012-07-28T23:38:00.007-07:002012-07-29T00:41:38.763-07:00Infectious Canine Hepatitis<div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">I remember during my 2nd year where we had virology oral exam with Dr J. So before waiting our names to be called in, we were scampering for notes and memorized the all the virus and the diseases associated with it like nobody business. Until my name was called, I went and sat in front of the examiner. I was doing quite well for the rest of the exam until he came out with the final question;</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">"Name the virus that causes infectious canine hepatitis?"</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Opps...I blown the day :(</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; ">At the end of the semester, virology is my favorite subject</div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">**********************************************************************</div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: left; "><b>Canine infectious hepatitis</b></div><div style="text-align: left; "><b></b></div><span><span></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Infectious canine hepatitis</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">an acute <b>highly contagious</b> viral disease of dogs which affect</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">the liver</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">and other organs and is characterized by <b>high rise of temperature, diarrhoea, vomiting and convulsion.</b> Dogs of all ages, specially puppies and foxes is affected by this disease. </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">A carrier dog may recover, but continue to spread the virus via its urine for up to six months.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Severely affected dogs will have a fever, loss of appetite, depression, diarrhoea, tonsillitis and acute abdominal pain due to an inflamed liver. <b>Death may result within 36 hours.</b> Corneal opacity known as "blue eye" may follow infection.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img 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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Abdominal pain in a dog with ICH</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></span><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Aetilogy and transmission</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">ICH is caused by a nonenveloped DNA virus, <b>canine adenovirus 1 </b>(CAV-1), which is antigenically related only to CAV-2 (one of the causes of infectious canine tracheobronchitis</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">). CAV-1 is <b>resistant to lipid solvents</b> and survives outside the host for weeks or months, but a 1-3% solution of sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) is an effective disinfectant.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Ingestion of urine, feces, or saliva of infected dogs i</b>s the main route of infection. Recovered dogs shed virus in their urine for ≥6 mo. Initial infection occurs in the tonsillar crypts and Peyer’s patches, followed by viremia and infection of endothelial cells in many tissues. Liver, kidneys, spleen, and lungs are the main target organs. Chronic kidney lesions and corneal clouding (“blue eye”) result from immune-complex reactions after recovery from acute or subclinical disease.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span><div><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Even a dog dish that has been licked clean can carry the virus. The tonsils and lymph nodes are the first body parts effected. <b>The incubation period can last 4-9 days,</b> after which the virus enters the bloodstream.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.dog-health-handbook.com/image-files/blue_eye_infectious_canine_hepatitis.jpg" alt="dog eye diseases photo" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Blue eye dog infectious hepatitis</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Pathogenesis</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The virus can remain in the kidneys of dogs that have recovered from infection for up to one year, making it all the more difficult to determine what locations might be contaminated. The particles enter the body through the nose or mouth and initially infect the tonsils. Here the virus replicates and proceeds to invade the nearby</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">lymph nodes</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">This process of replication continues for 4 to 8 days, at which point the virus spreads from the lymphatic system and enters the bloodstream. </span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; "></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; "></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Once in the blood, CAV-1 particles infect a varieyt of other target organs – the <b>liver, kidneys, and eyes.</b> The viral particles themselves are</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>cytotoxic</b></span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">which is why they are capable of doing so much damage. The liver is almost always the most severely affected organ, with consequences including disturbance of protein and fat manufacture, problems with bile secretion, and difficulty detoxifying drugs, chemicals, and bacteria from food. </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">ICH is generally not fatal, but when it is, death is usually a result of massive hemorrhage, fluid leakage from a severely damaged liver, and central nervous system trauma which triggers seizure and coma.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;">INFECTIOUS CANINE HEPATITIS IS NOT <b>ZOONOTIC!</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Clinical signs</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Signs vary from a slight fever to death. The mortality rate is highest in very young dog. The first sign is a fever of >104°F (40°C), which lasts 1-6 days and is usually biphasic (fever associated with 2 different sets of symptoms as it progress) . If the fever is of short duration, <b>leukopenia</b> may be the only other sign, but if it persists for >1 day, acute illness develops. Tachycardia out of proportion to the fever may occur. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>On the day after the initial temperature rise, leukopenia develops and persists throughout the febrile period. The degree of leukopenia varies and seems to be correlated with the severity of illness. Signs are <b>anorexia, thirst, conjunctivitis, serous discharge from the eyes and nose, and occasionally abdominal pain and vomiting.</b> Intense hyperemia or petechiae of the oral mucosa, as well as enlarged tonsils, may be seen. There may be subcutaneous edema of the head, neck, and trunk.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span>Clotting time is directly correlated with the severity of illness. It may be difficult to control hemorrhage, which is manifest by bleeding around deciduous teeth and by spontaneous hematomas, because of underlying disseminated intravascular coagulation. Although CNS involvement is unusual, severely infected dogs may develop convulsions from forebrain damage; brain stem hemorrhages, resulting in paresis, are common. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span>The fatal form of the disease results in a sudden onset of severe symptoms. Bleeding from the nose and gums, enlarged abdomen due to fluid leaking from the liver, bloody diarrhea and vomit, seizures due to central nervous system association, disorientation, coma, and death may occur. Pets may die suddenly without any obvious illness. Infectious Canine Hepatitis is most severe and the <b>mortality rate is highest in young dogs.</b> Veterinary attention will need to be sought ASAP.</span></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span><span><br /></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b>Lesions</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><b></b></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Endothelial damage results in “paint brush” hemorrhages on the gastric serosa, lymph nodes, thymus, pancreas, and subcutaneous tissues. Hepatic cell necrosis produces a variegated color change in the liver, which may be normal in size or swollen. The gallbladder wall may be edematous and thickened; edema of the thymus may be found. Grayish white foci may be seen in the kidney cortex.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Diagnosis</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b></b></span></div><span><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Urinalysis and blood tests</b> may be performed in an attempt to detect viral antibodies. Similarly, viral antibodies can be detected using immunofluorescent techniques. In addition, the</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>ELISA</b></span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">test may be used to look for the presence of viral particles in the feces of a sick animal.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div></span></span><span><span><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Treatment and management</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">There is<b> no specific treatment </b>for infectious canine hepatitis so treatment is aimed at managing the symptoms until the virus runs its course. Depending on the severity of illness, hospitalization and intravenous fluid therapy may be necessary. Antibiotics don't treat the virus but may be prescribed to ward off secondary bacterial infections. In severe cases, blood transfusions may be necessary</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Management for ICH;</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div></span><span><span>(a) Broad spectrum antibiotic -To prevent secondary bacterial infection<br />(b) Anti emetic - To stop vomiting<br />(c) Anti diarrhoea- To stop diarrhoea<br />(d) Anti serum may be tried<br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">(e) Blood transfusion in case of severely infected dog. Dose is 5-8ml/lb of body weight by slow</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div>intra venous infusion<br />(f) Fluid theraphy - NSS or DNS to restore fluid and electrolyte loss<br />(g) Anti pyretic – In case of high rise of temperature<br />(h)Vitamins therapy and protein hydrolysate- To restore vitality<br />(i) Care nursing of infected dogs<br /><br /><br /><b>Prevention</b></span></span></span></span></span></span><div><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Vaccination</b> is the most recommended method of preventing Infectious Canine Hepatitis. While it seems logical to vaccinate using the CAV-1 virus, this can usually cause unwanted side effects such as the bluing of the eye and the shedding of virus. Vaccination with a very closely related virus, CAV-2, is much safer, and will help the dog build immunity against CAV-1. CAV-2 is also thought to play a part in a common condition called kennel cough, so vaccinating with CAV-2 would result in immunity to both conditions.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></li></ul></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS2NOvsiZR_AflI6rETB-KxBKydqjKjzgepVJXRKhUVMUJVQ2Y" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">It is important that all puppies commence a vaccination program from 6-8 weeks of age and that all adult dogs have their boosters.</span></div></span><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span><ul><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Unvaccinated dog should be <b>kept away</b> from public places, dogs outside household, or dirty food bowls that are left outside or belonging to dogs outside household. Keep an eye on the dog during walks to ensure he does not consume urine or feces.</span></li></ul><ul><li><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Disinfection</b> of contaminated areas with a bleach or iodine solution can kill the virus</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: Merks Veterinary Manual, animalhealthcareveterinary.blogspot, ICF; Cornell university college of veterinary medicine, ICF; petsmd.com, Dog eye diseases; dog-health-handbook.com .</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></span><span><span><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana, arial, geneva, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-indent: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div></span></span><div style="text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com23tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-68225649760625334132012-07-21T17:35:00.005-07:002012-07-21T18:45:49.697-07:00Anthrax<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:100%;">I attended a veterinary seminar last week. Very interesting one. They had a talk on anthrax threat in Malaysia and how the department </span><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;">received the case and processed it. It turned out to be </span><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;">a negative result. I always love microbiology. So this one got my huge attention :)</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">************************************************************</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.vetnext.com/fotos/anthrax.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">A zebra with suspected anthracis (note at those bleeding)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Anthrax</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 20px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:14px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Anthrax (also known as Splenic fever, Siberian Ulcer, Charbon, Milzbrand) is a life-threatening infectious disease that normally affects animals, especially ruminants (such as goats, cattle, sheep, and horses). Anthrax can be transmitted to humans by contact with infected animals or their products. In recent years, anthrax has received a great deal of attention as it has become clear that the infection can also be spread by a <b>bioterrorist attack</b> or by biological warfare. <b>Anthrax does not spread from person to person s</b><span style="text-align: left; ">o it is considered to be noncontagious. It is still a large threat, however, because if it isn't recognized and treated quickly enough it can be deadly.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Anthrax is an acute infectious disease that can strike almost all warm-blooded animals, including humans, and affects a variety of tissues including the skin, intestine, kidney, meninges, conjunctiva and lymphatic system.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Causes</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Bacillus anthracis, the anthrax agent, is a simple rod-shaped bacterium that usually infects domestic animals. Its durable spores lie dormant in soil until consumed by a grazing animal. Once ingested, the bacterium reproduces, often killing the host animal, and then returns to the soil, where it remains dormant again in spore form.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www2.jogjabelajar.org/modul/how/a/animal/anthrax-bacteria.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Bacillus anthracis, gram positive slim and long rod-shaped bacteria (spore forming)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Anthrax is found all over the world. It contaminates the ground when an affected animal dies. It spreads when grazing animals pick it up from contaminated dirt or through contaminated food sources such as bone meal that may have been made from contaminated carcasses. There appears to be an increase in the cases of anthrax among grazing animals during droughts, when they tend to graze closer to the ground and consume more dirt with the grass.</div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="text-align: justify;background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p><p style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p></div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Anthrax may also spread when carnivorous animals, such as vultures or even insects, feed on affected herbivores. The bacteria are then transferred to other areas by the host and contaminate the ground when that animal dies. As the animal decays, the bacteria are exposed to oxygen and turn back into the spores that contaminate the soil. The anthrax spores have a very tough outer casing and can remain viable in the ground for decades.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www2.jogjabelajar.org/modul/how/a/animal/anthrax-cycle.gif" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">The anthrax cycle </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" text-align: left; font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:11px;"></span></div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Outbreaks of anthrax tend to occur in association with particular climatic and weather events, such as heavy rainfall, flooding and drought. In anthrax-prone areas, the close grazing of animals on fresh shoots of grass after rainfall often leads to outbreaks of the disease due to the ingestion of organisms picked from contaminated soils.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Incubation of anthrax </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The incubation period (the period between contact with anthrax and the start of symptoms) may be relatively short, from one to five days. Like other infectious diseases, the incubation period for anthrax is quite variable and it may be weeks before an infected individual feels sick.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Forms of anthrax (in human and animal)</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br />1. CUTANEOUS ANTHRAX<br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The cutaneous (skin) form of anthrax starts as a red-brown raised spot that enlarges with considerable redness around it, blistering, and hardening. The center of the spot then shows an ulcer crater with blood-tinged drainage and the formation of a black crust called an eschar. There are swollen glands (lymph nodes) in the area. Symptoms include muscle aches and pain, headache, fever, nausea, and vomiting. The illness usually resolves in about six weeks, but deaths may occur if patients do not receive appropriate antibiotics. <span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">This type of anthrax may also be spread by biting insects that have fed on infected hosts. The head, arms and hands are most often affected.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www2.jogjabelajar.org/modul/how/a/animal/cutaneous-anthrax.gif" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTR2w-errbIpX4jTxZed7fMKPlOWH3eHU0_mFRQdPb5cbCubA4T" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Skin lesion in human</div> </span></span><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"> </span></div></span><span><span>2. INHALATION FORM</span></span></span><div><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">The pulmonary form of anthrax, due to inhalation of spores, is the most dangerous manifestation of the disease. Pneumonia-like symptoms develop, and the organisms may invade the bloodstream and even the brain. The fatality rate is greater than 90%. Under usual circumstances, pulmonary anthrax is rare, found mainly among people who work with wool or fleeces. Viable, vegetative forms of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i>, although microscopic, are too large to readily enter the alveoli (air sacs) of the human lung. However, the spores are much smaller, and can gain entry to the alveoli, germinate, produce toxic substances, and cause disease. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This characteristic of Bacillus anthracis spores, plus the high resistance to environmental stress, makes these bacteria ideal agents for biological warfare. Large-scale production and dispersal of Bacillus anthracis spores has the potential for causing high mortality in a target population. On the positive side, however, is the fact that dispersal of spores can be difficult, and it takes about <b>10,000 spores </b>to initiate an infection. This latter fact may contribute to the fact that anthrax is not considered to be communicable. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www2.jogjabelajar.org/modul/how/a/animal/inhaled-anthrax.gif" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Inhalation form</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">3. GASTROINTESTINAL FORM</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ingestion of <i>Bacillus anthracis,</i> or its spores, can result in intestinal anthrax; the form most commonly seen in animals. The clinical signs are pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea. This form of the disease has a 25% to 50% fatality rate. <span style="text-align: left; ">Eating undercooked meat that is infected with the anthrax bacteria, or drinking unchlorinated water that harbors the spores, can introduce the bacteria into the gastrointestinal tract. Infection can occur in either the upper or lower GI tract. This form of anthrax is rare.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www2.jogjabelajar.org/modul/how/a/animal/gi-anthrax.gif" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">GI form</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>How anthrax attacks?</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://ysm.research.yale.edu/images/79.1/articles-bioterror-anthrax.jpg" alt="How Anthrax Attacks: As anthrax bacteria burst out of a macrophage, released PA first attaches to the infected cell’s surface, forming a channel through which EF and LF enter the cell. Once inside, the low pH of a lysosome frees the LF, allowing it to spread its toxic effects throughout the cell’s interior." /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Taken from Yale University</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style=" text-align: justify; text-indent: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Arial;font-size:15px;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The virulence of B. anthracis lies not in the bacterium itself but rather in the toxins it produces. The three major toxins released by B. anthracis are proteins known as <b>Protective Antigen (PA), Edema Factor (EF), and Lethal Factor (LF), </b>which work together to kill blood cells. As part of a normal immune response, a macrophage first engulfs a spore, which quickly germinates. As active bacteria burst out of the macrophage, they release PA. PA attaches to the surface of a T-cell, interacting with the cell membrane to form vesicles that can transport EF and LF into the cytoplasm. Once inside, the cyclase EF overwhelms the cell by producing massive amounts of signaling protein cAMP. The protease LF, on the other hand, destroys the MAP kinases’ signaling proteins, thereby disrupting cell cycle regulation and killing the cell. Without T-cells, the body cannot effectively combat the intruders and falls severely ill. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Clinical findings in animals</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Typically, the incubation period is 3-7 days (range 1-14 days). The clinical course ranges from peracute to chronic. The peracute form (common in cattle and sheep) is characterized by sudden onset and a rapidly fatal course. Staggering, dyspnea, trembling, collapse, a few convulsive movements, and death may occur in cattle, sheep, or goats with only a brief evidence of illness. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /> </div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><br />In acute anthrax of cattle and sheep there is an abrupt fever and a period of excitement followed by depression, stupor, respiratory or cardiac distress, staggering, convulsions, and death. Often, the course of disease is so rapid that illness is not observed and animals are found dead. The body temperature may reach 107F (41.5C), rumination ceases, milk production is materially reduced, and pregnant animals may abort. There may be bloody discharges from the natural body openings. Some (chronic?) infections are characterized by localized, subcutaneous, edematous swelling that can be quite extensive. Areas most frequently involved are the ventral neck, thorax, and shoulders. </span></span><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR-wxpYzImNrrwTj2bJQbYeO7nQdQEYDDFiViWI0uhlj9oOFQDo1g" /> </div><span><br />The disease in horses may be acute. Signs may include fever, chills, severe colic, anorexia, depression, weakness, bloody diarrhea, and swellings of the neck, sternum, lower abdomen, and external genitalia. Death usually occurs within 2-3 days of onset. </span></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTmAR-sss0xFVhgUWyuqrpUhdZCpVllXYSyOg9zwYfKqwAsZQNY" /> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Although relatively resistant, pigs may develop an acute septicemia following ingestion of B anthracis , characterized by sudden death, oropharyngitis, or more usually a mild chronic form. Oropharyngeal anthrax is characterized by rapidly progressive swelling of the throat, which may cause death by suffocation. In the chronic form, pigs show systemic signs of illness and gradually recover with treatment. Some later show evidence of anthrax infection in the cervical lymph nodes and tonsils when slaughtered (as apparently healthy animals). Intestinal involvement is seldom recognized and has nonspecific clinical characteristics of anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea (sometimes bloody), or constipation. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Lesions</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Rigor mortis is frequently absent or incomplete. Dark blood may ooze from the mouth, nostrils, and anus with marked bloating and rapid body decomposition. If the carcass is inadvertently opened, septicemic lesions are seen. The blood is dark and thickened and fails to clot readily. Hemorrhages of various sizes are common on the serosal surfaces of the abdomen and thorax as well as on the epicardium and endocardium. Edematous, red-tinged effusions commonly are present under the serosa of various organs, between skeletal muscle groups, and in the subcutis.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Hemorrhages frequently occur along the GI tract mucosa, and ulcers, particularly over Peyers patches, may be present. An enlarged, dark red or black, soft, semifluid spleen is common. The liver, kidneys, and lymph nodes usually are congested and enlarged. Meningitis may be found if the skull is opened. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span>In pigs with chronic anthrax, the lesions usually are restricted to the tonsils, cervical lymph nodes, and surrounding tissues. The lymphatic tissues of the area are enlarged and are a mottled salmon to brick-red color on cut surface. Diphtheritic membranes or ulcers may be present over the surface of the tonsils. The area around involved lymphatic tissues generally is gelatinous and edematous. A chronic intestinal form involving the mesenteric lymph nodes is also recognized.<br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Diagnosis</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Specific diagnostic tests include bacterial culture, PCR tests, and fluorescent antibody stains to demonstrate the agent in blood films or tissues. Western blot and ELISA tests for antibody detection are available in some reference laboratories. Lacking other tests, fixed blood smears stained with Loefflers or MacFadean stains can be used and the capsule visualized; however, it can result in some 20% false positives. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Differential diagnosis</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Peracute blackquarter (<i>clostridium chauvoi</i>) and septicaemic form of other diseases. In splenic enlargement as seen in babesiosis, anaplasmosis and leucosis, spleen consistency is firm. In anthrax, the spleen is soft and upon incision the pulp exudes like thick blackish-red blood.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"></span> </div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Treatment in animal</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Early treatment and vigorous implementation of a preventive program are essential to reducing losses among livestock. Livestock at risk should be immediately treated with a long-acting antibiotic to stop all potential incubating infections. <span style="text-align: left; ">Domestic livestock respond well to penicillin if treated in the early stages of the disease. Oxytetracycline given daily in divided doses also is effective. Other antibacterials, including amoxicillin, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and sulfonamides also can be used, but their effectiveness in comparison with penicillin and the tetracyclines has not been evaluated under field conditions.</span><span style="text-align: left; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><b>Control in animal</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><b></b></span></div></span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Anthrax is controlled through <b>vaccination programs, rapid detection and reporting, quarantine, treatment of asymptomatic animals </b>(postexposure prophylaxis), and burning or burial of suspect and confirmed cases. In livestock, anthrax can be controlled largely by annual vaccination of all grazing animals in the endemic area and by implementation of control measures during epizootics. The <b>nonencapsulated Sterne-strain vaccine</b> is used almost universally for livestock immunization. Vaccination should be done 2-4 wk before the season when outbreaks may be expected. Because this is a live vaccine, antibiotics should not be administered within 1 wk of vaccination. Before vaccination of dairy cattle during an outbreak, all of the procedures required by local laws should be reviewed and followed. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.fao.org/ag/icons/anthrax1.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In addition to therapy and immunization, specific control procedures are necessary to contain the disease and prevent its spread. These include the following: </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">1) notification of the appropriate regulatory officials</div><div style="text-align: justify;">2) rigid enforcement of quarantine (after vaccination, 2 wk before movement off the farm, 6 wk if going to slaughter)</div><div style="text-align: justify;">3) prompt disposal of dead animals, manure, bedding, or other contaminated material by cremation (preferable) or deep burial</div><div style="text-align: justify;">4) isolation of sick animals and removal of well animals from the contaminated areas</div><div style="text-align: justify;">5) cleaning and disinfection of stables, pens, milking barns, and equipment used on livestock</div><div style="text-align: justify;">6) use of insect repellents</div><div style="text-align: justify;">7) control of scavengers that feed on animals dead from the disease; and </div><div style="text-align: justify;">8) observation of general sanitary procedures by people who handle diseased animals, both for their own safety and to prevent spread of the disease. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Contaminated soils are very difficult to completely decontaminate, but formaldehyde will be successful if the level is not excessive. The process generally requires removal of soil. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For more detail visit: <a href="http://www.vetnext.com/search.php?s=aandoening&id=73253155708%20103" style="text-align: left; ">http://www.vetnext.com/search.php?s=aandoening&id=73253155708%20103</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: How Anthrax works; Lee Ann Obringer, Hijacking nature's agents; Andrew Chang Yale Scientific, Anthrax; VETNEXT, Anthrax in human; www.medicine.net.com. Anthrax in animals; ww.foa.org</div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(29, 44, 47); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:verdana;font-size:small;"></span> </div> <div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style=" ;font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:11px;"></span> </div></div></span></span></span></span>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-32549580047372193312012-07-15T04:15:00.004-07:002012-07-15T07:37:12.684-07:00Von Willebrand's disease (vWD) bleeding disorder<span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;"><span style="font-size: 100%;">I found this in someone external hard disk haha</span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">*****************************************************</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><img 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" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">A bleeding dog (unknown source)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>What is Von Willebrands's disease (vWD)?</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b></b></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Von Willebrand's is an inherited bleeding disorder. In fact, it is the most common inherited bleeding disorder among dogs. The formation of a blood clot is a very complex and involved mechanism. A clot is formed by a cascade of reactions happening in a certain order. For a clot to form, all the factors involved in the cascade must be present and in working order. In Von Willebrand's the factor known as von Willebrand's Factor (vWF) either is not present or is defective. The condition is similar to hemophilia in humans.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>What is von Willebrand's factor?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Von Willebrand's factor is a protein complex <b>produced both by platelets (the blood cells involved in clotting) and by the cells lining blood vessels</b>. It is made up of several smaller proteins bound together and von Willebrand's disease results when there is a defect in any one of these proteins. When a blood vessel tears and bleeding occurs, platelets are called to the area to clump upon each other, thus plugging up the hole and staunching the bleeding. While the platelets are in place, a cascade of blood clotting factors activates ultimately leading to production of fibrin, the material scars are made of, to more permanently seal the vessel. Von Willebrand's factor acts as glue holding the platelets together and holds them onto the surface of the torn blood vessel. Von Willebrand's factor also serves to stabilize clotting factor VIII, one of the proteins involved in forming the fibrin clot.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">When there is something wrong with one's von Willebrand's factor, platelets to do not stick together properly and inappropriate prolonged wound bleeding occurs.</span></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span><span><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.vin.com/ImageDBPub/VP05000/IMG02612.GIF" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Arrow shows platelets</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Why it is called Willebrand's?</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Von Willebrand's was discovered in humans and called a "disease" in the 1920s by a Finnish doctor coincidentally named, von Willebrand. </span><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; ">Von Willebrand's seldom happens in cats but it is very common in various breeds of dogs.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><h3 style="margin: 0.5em 0px 0.25em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(0, 68, 123); font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; text-align: left; "></h3></div><span><span><b>Causes of Von Willebrand's Disease</b></span></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></div><div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Von Willebrand's disease is inherited. This means that it is passed down from parents to offspring.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; "><b>Breed of dogs predispose to vWD</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; "><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, verdana, tahoma, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Certain breeds have a higher incidence of vWD than others. German Shepherds, Doberman Pinschers, Shetland Sheepdogs, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, German Shorthaired Pointers, Golden Retrievers, Standard Poodles, and Scottish Terriers all have a higher than normal incidence, showing that it can be inherited. </span><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; ">In all, some sixty different purebred breeds have been commonly linked to von Willebrand's with the <b>Doberman Pinscher having the highest incidence.</b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSPwCxpErjP5N4d7h9B6Hre9Wt_Yha6_WTtLpR1HeZdMnR2oWPDPw" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Doberman Pinscher</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Types of vWD</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">There are three types of von Willebrand's disease.</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">TYPE I</span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">In Type I, all the proteins making up von Willebrand's factor are present but </span><b style="font-size: 100%; ">only in very small amounts.</b><span style="font-size: 100%; "> This is the type common in the Doberman Pinscher, the Shetland Sheepdog, the German Shepherd Dog, and the Standard Poodle.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">It is thought to be an autosomal trait with incomplete dominance. This means offspring may inherit the disorder if either parent carries the gene, but not all offspring will be affected to the same extent. Dogs with type I disease have reduced but measurable levels of Von Willebrand factor (1 to 60 per cent). Animals that inherit the gene for type I vWD from both parents (homozygotes) die before birth or shortly thereafter.</span></div></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">**Although Dobermans are the most commonly affected by von Willebrand's Disease, they usually have the milder forms (type 1)</span></div></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img 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" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Shetland sheepdog</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">TYPE II</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">In Type II, the larger proteins making up von Willebrand's factor are <b>completely absent, </b>leaving only the smaller proteins to do the job. This creates more severe bleeding episodes and represents the type of von Willebrand's disease usually seen in German Short-Haired and <b>Wire-Haired Pointers.</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b></b></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br />Type II vWD is very rare. It is an autosomal recessive trait.</span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img 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" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Wire-haired pointers</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img 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" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">German Short-haired</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">TYPE III</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">In Type III, there is simply <b>no von Willebrand's factor</b> at all. This is the most <b>severe</b> form and is usually seen in Scottish Terriers, Chesapeake Bay Retrievers, and Shetland Sheepdogs. Von Willebrand's disease is not limited to the breeds listed here; forms of von Willebrand's disease have been found in over 50 breeds and in cats and humans as well.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR4EmVA2sGw0Z2bZbOFN_80SK99p7ZRWXryQaPOslMDpyPll9G2" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="text-align: justify; ">Chesapeake Bay Retrievers</span> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="text-align: justify; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="text-align: justify; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSSAvkRDGJ16xljXvF5_q7SMXL8q4_vxPk_eY-V9uwUPVjb684ynQ" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Scottish Terrier</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; ">Type III vWD is relatively rare. This form is</span><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; "> </span><b style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; ">autosomal recessive</b><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; ">. Animals are only affected if they inherit the abnormal gene from both parents, who are clinically unaffected carriers. Affected dogs have zero levels of vWF, while carrier parents have 15 to 60 per cent of normal levels.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; "><b>Clinical signs</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">In dogs, the most common clinical signs are <b>spontaneous bleeding</b> from the <b>gums or nose, blood in the urine or gastrointestinal tract, or excessive bleeding at the time of surgery.</b> Clinical signs also include epistaxis (nose bleed), prolonged estrus or postpartum bleeding, hematuria, melena, excessive bleeding after <b>toe-nail cutting </b>and sometimes hemorrhaging into body cavities and organs.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">As with most diseases symptoms can range from mild, with bleeding times only being extended slightly, to severe, where bleeding cannot be stopped.</span></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img 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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Epistaxis (nose bleed) in a dog</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Diagnosis</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">To diagnose von Willebrand's Disease a veterinarian will often conduct a CBC (complete blood count), urinalysis, <b>blood clotting time</b> or a "buccal mucosal" screening time. The buccal mucosal bleeding time uses a test strip that is tied around the maxilla (upper jaw) that then causes engorgement in the folded-back area. Normal blood clotting time is somewhere between 1.5 to 2.6 minutes.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Blood clotting time procedure:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 15px; padding: 0px; font-size: 1.2em; line-height: 1.5em; font-family: verdana, arial, helvetica, sans-serif; text-align: -webkit-auto; "></p></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;">The dog is positioned in sternal or lateral recumbency. The upper lip is everted and secured using a strip of gauze wrapped snugly around the muzzle. The template dev<span><span>ice (Surgicutt)</span></span>is placed on the buccal mucosa and triggered as the timer or stopwatch is started. Simplate incisions are made parallel and Surgicutt incision is made perpendicular to the lip margin. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/images/coag/lip1.JPG" /> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Blood flow from the incision(s) is blotted using filter paper held directly below, but not touching the wounds. The time from triggering the device until blood no longer appears on the paper is recorded as the bleeding time. The muzzle gauze is removed and pressure applied to the wounds until active bleeding ceases. If needed, topical tissue adhesive (cyanoacrylate) can be applied to prevent rebleeding.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://ahdc.vet.cornell.edu/images/coag/lip2.JPG" /> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Normal Range: Two to four minutes.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Interpretation: Lip bleeding time is <b>expected to be prolonged</b> in patients with severe acquired or inherited platelet dysfunction or severe von Willebrand disease. There is a variable response in dogs with DIC or mild forms of vWD. Dogs with even severe coagulation factor deficiencies usually have normal lip bleeding time.</div><span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><i><b>"Mucosal bleeding time is the best screening test for a potential defect in platelet function, and is prolonged in dogs with a deficiency in vWF. However the test is non-specific for vWD because it is also prolonged in dogs with thrombocytopenia or functional platelet defects. (Bleeding times are normal in animals with warfarin toxicity, hemophilia A or B, or a deficiency of Factor VII.)"</b></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i><b><br /></b></i></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Treatment</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There is no cure for Von Willebrand's disease. If a dog is found to have this condition owners should take special precaution to make sure the dog does not injure themselves.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Avoid drugs that are known to<b> inhibit platelet functions</b>. Aspirin is a prime example of one of these drugs. Others include antihistamines, sulfa- or penicillin based antibiotics, Ibuprofen, the tranquilizer phenothiazine, heparin and theophylline.</div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Veterinarians have found that thyroid supplementation can lower the tendency in some dogs to bleed while raising the level of vWF concentration.There is also a drug called desmopressin acetate DDAVP that can also increase the vWF protein concentration although the response to the drug is variable. It has been shown to raise the concentration in dogs that do not have von Willebrand's disease. The use in these dogs may not be apparent until it is realized it takes a dog to donate blood for a transfusion to another dog. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In case of an emergency or severe trauma, this donated blood is often the only thing that can save the dog's life.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">For owners of breeds that are more prone to having von Willebrand's disease, there is a specialized test that can determine the exact amount of the von Willebrand protein that is present in the blood. If the test comes back positive for the disease, it won't necessary help the dog on a daily basis but will come in handy to know if the dog ever requires emergency treatment or undergoes any type of surgery.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: Animal health diagnosis center; Cornell University College of Vet Medicine, vWD Canine Health Foundation, Canine vWD www.essortment.com, Canine vWD www.therealjackrussell.com, vWD, Wendy C. Brooks, DVM, dipAPVB, vWD www.upei.ca</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></div></span></span></span><span><span><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="margin: 0px 0px 1em; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; font-size: 14px; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></p></div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: Arial; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-89737151507162939322012-07-07T17:55:00.005-07:002012-07-07T19:19:30.918-07:00Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV/ Cat's AIDS)<div><span style="text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">Few day ago, I found a stray cat with many bleeding wounds on its body (I considered it as non-healing wounds) wandering nearby the beach. I felt sorry for its condition and it reminds me of sporotrichosis which I've posted before. And here's another disease that gives the same appearance in cat that is- Feline immunodeficiency virus or Cat's AIDS.</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">*************************************************************</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://www.vm.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/naika/naikahp/fiv/aids.gif" alt="aids.gif" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">A cat positively infected with FIV</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>What is FIV?</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a common retrovirus in cats that is thought to share many features in common with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which causes AIDS. Infection with FIV progressively suppresses the cat’s immune system. As a result, the symptoms of so-called “feline AIDS” can vary widely, as the cat’s immune system slowly breaks down.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Although any feline is susceptible, free-roaming, outdoor intact male cats who fight most frequently contract the disease. Cats who live indoors are the least likely to be infected.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><span><span><br /></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">Cats who are infected with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) may not show symptoms until years after the initial infection occurred. Although the virus is slow-acting, a cat’s immune system is severely weakened once the disease takes hold. This makes the cat susceptible to various secondary infections. Infected cats who receive supportive medical care and are kept in a stress-free, indoor environment can live relatively comfortable lives for months to years before the disease reaches its chronic stages. </span><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">Many people confuse FIV with</span><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"> </span><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">feline leukemia virus (FeLV)</span><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">. Although these diseases are in the same retrovirus family and cause many similar secondary conditions FeLV and FIV are different diseases.</span><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQXgCV3XfV07usPDq0_T9OcfimuuuWh-QNRnitXHAyzRfICcKvw5Q" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"></div></span></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">Model structure of a member of the retrovirus family that includes feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV)</span><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"></span></div><span><span><b><br />It is zoonotic?</b></span></span></span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">HIV infects only humans and <b>FIV infects only cats.</b> The viruses are very specific for the species and there is no risk of cross infection between the immunodeficiency viruses of cats and people.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Transmission of FIV</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: rgb(53, 53, 72); line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family:Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;font-size:12px;"></span></div></span></span></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;">The primary mode of transmission is through bite wounds. Casual, non-aggressive contact does not appear to be an efficient route of spreading FIV; as a result, cats in households with stable social structures where housemates do not fight are at little risk for acquiring FIV infections. On rare occasions infection is transmitted from an infected mother cat to her kittens, usually during passage through the birth canal or when the newborn kittens ingest infected milk. Sexual contact is not a major means of spreading FIV.</span><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Other cats in the same household may already have been infected and should be tested. Spread between cats through normal social contact such as grooming is unlikely so the majority of cats may be FIV-negative when tested. However, a cat that has FIV does present a risk to other cats.</span></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style=" ;font-size:100%;"><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgYj8NiGg4LtscT-atzywc1YUvr_8uSYJ-_E9nJGQFBGWiW5L3fvGVmYnfDxN6iqcRJu1WrSi-VxVU_F3wemfdaqpZn2yVQ39EglxRvxLU0ORg1nnzkKq1MM1NwgxbGYAhg6FI5kFlmEcM/s400/catfight-712203.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Cat's fight are the most common transmission of FIV</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="margin: 1em 0px; padding: 0px; border: 0px; outline: 0px; color: rgb(79, 79, 79); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(248, 247, 232); "></p></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Infected cats shed the virus mainly in their saliva. Naturally occurring transmission of an infection occurs when an infected cat that is actively shedding virus into the saliva bites another cat, directly inoculating its saliva through the bite wound. A susceptible cat can also become infected when other bodily fluids, particularly infected blood, enters the body. In this case, the infected blood may enter the cat's body through a bite wound, or the cat may become infected by means of a blood transfusion. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Experimentally, the virus may also be transmitted through semen, but it is not clear whether this means of transmission is responsible for any naturally occurring cases.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">It is not surprising that many FIV-positive cats are known fighters, particularly those with a history of cat bite abscesses. Any cat bitten by a cat with an unknown medical history should be tested for FIV approximately two months after the bite.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">A cat bitten by a cat with an unknown medical history should be tested for FIV approximately two months after the bite.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The FIV organism is not able to survive for very long outside of living cells. This is another reason that casual infection is uncommon. Kittens may become infected before, at, or soon after birth. In these cases, it is believed that the virus was transmitted across the uterus during pregnancy or through the queen's (mother cat's) milk during nursing. Around a quarter to a third of kittens born to an infected queen are likely to be infected themselves. Normal social interactions, such as grooming, appear to have a very low risk of transmitting FIV.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Clinical signs</b></span></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><span>The clinical stages in FIV infection are classified into 5 stages based on their clinical symptoms. </span></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span>1. Acute phase (2-9 weeks): Fever, neutropenia (lack of neutrophils), generalized lymphadenopathy</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span>2. Asymptomatic carier (up to 10 years): No clinical signs associated with FIV</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><img src="http://www.vm.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/naika/naikahp/fiv/ac.gif" alt="ac.gif" /> </span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span>3. Persistent generalized lymphadenopathy stage (several months to years): Fever generalized lymphadenopathy</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span>4. AIDS-related complex stage (several months-years): Weight loss, bacterial infection, viral infection.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><img src="http://www.vm.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/naika/naikahp/fiv/arc-debu.gif" alt="arc-debu.gif" /> <img src="http://www.vm.a.u-tokyo.ac.jp/naika/naikahp/fiv/arc-urd.gif" alt="arc-urd.gif" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left; " /> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span>5. Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS stage 1-6 months) : Severe weight loss, opportunistic infection, pancytopenia, lymphopenia,, neurological abnormality, tumors and renal failure.</span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span><span><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTNgGXzoiJok6Cxv1AMaQbwgGjE6uzLWFIjV6e1X2kTr-00VoD79w" /> </span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span>Symptoms associated with FIV</span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span></span></span></span></span></div><span><span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Enlarged lymph nodes</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Fever</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Anemia</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Weight loss</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Disheveled coat</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Poor appetite</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Diarrhea</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Abnormal appearance or inflammation of the eye (conjunctivitis)</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Inflammation of the gums (gingivitis)</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Inflammation of the mouth (stomatitis)</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Dental disease</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Skin redness or hair loss</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Wounds that don’t heal</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Sneezing</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Discharge from eyes or nose</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Frequent urination, straining to urinate or urinating outside of litter box</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Behavior change</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQsQiiI0BKHETKYF6JzKcdcpDXiISPQIOJ0nPHlHNgPoUZYDDCaQQ" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Gingivitis/stomatitis is the most clinical signs of FIV</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Diagnosis of FIV</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(21, 100, 147); font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(210, 228, 238); "></span></div></span></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">FIV is diagnosed based on history, clinical signs & a blood test known as ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay), which detects antibodies to FIV.</span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://image.tradevv.com/2010/03/19/quicking_1355007_600/quicking-fiv-ab-and-felv-ag-combined-rapid-test.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">ELISA kit tested for both FIV and FeLV (2 in one) sold commercially in veterinary clinics</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">It is possible to get false positive or false negatives from these results for the following reasons:</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span><span><br />Positive results:</span></span></span><div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Because few, if any, cats ever eliminate infection, the presence of antibody indicates that a cat is infected with FIV. This test can be performed by most veterinary diagnostic laboratories and also is available in kit form for use in veterinary clinics. Since false-positive results may occur, veterinarians recommend that positive results be confirmed using a test with a different format.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Infected mother cats transfer FIV antibodies to nursing kittens, so kittens born to infected mothers may receive positive test results for several months after birth. However, few of these kittens actually are or will become infected. To clarify their infection status, kittens younger than six months of age receiving positive results should be retested at 60-day intervals until they are at least six months old.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></span><span><span><br />Negative results:</span></span></div><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">A negative test result indicates that antibodies directed against FIV have not been detected, and, in most cases, this implies that the cat is not infected. Nevertheless, it takes eight to 12 weeks after infection (and sometimes even longer) before detectable levels of antibody appear, so if the test is performed during this interval, inaccurate results might be obtained. Therefore, antibody-negative cats with either an unknown or a known exposure to FIV-infected cats-such as through the bite of an unknown cat-should be retested a minimum of 60 days after their most recent exposure in order to allow adequate time for development of antibodies.On very rare occasions, cats in the later stages of FIV infection may test negative because their immune systems are so compromised that they no longer produce detectable levels of antibody.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Treatment</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">No effective treatment demonstrate on the patient. <span style="text-align: left; ">Cats can carry the virus for a long time before symptoms appear.</span><span style="text-align: left; "> </span> However, one can treat the secondary bacterial infection associated with feline AIDS with antibiotics even though it is only temporary because re-infection can occur again due to immunosupressive stage of the animal.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></div><span><span><br />Veterinarian may prescribe some of the following treatments:</span></span><div><ul><li>Medication for secondary infections</li><li>Healthy, palatable diet to encourage good nutrition</li><li>Fluid and electrolyte replacement therapy</li><li>Anti-inflammatory drugs</li><li>Immune-enhancing drugs</li><li>Parasite control</li></ul><div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(79, 79, 79); font-family: Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(248, 247, 232); "></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Euthanization is not necessary until the <b>late stages of disease</b>. Like people with HIV, cats with FIV have a long period where they can appear healthy and show no clinical signs. This period may last for two to five years or perhaps even longer, during which your cat will have a normal, happy life. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Management with FIV patient</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><em style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></em></div><span><span>1. Keep Cat Indoors Only</span></span></div><div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Now that you know your cat has an infectious disease, the responsible thing is to prevent the spread of this disease in your community. This means that your cat will need to be an indoor cat. Cats who are used to living outdoors will make a fuss about being allowed outside. It is crucial that you do not give in as this will simply reinforce the crying and fussing. If you just allow the fussing to run its course, it will cease and the cat will get used to the new indoor only life. <span style="text-align: left; ">Cats who are inclined to slip past people entering the home when the door is open can be managed by leaving them in a closed room when someone is out of the house. This way, when someone arrives home, the cat does not have access to the front door.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div></span></span><span><span>2. No raw foods</span></span></div><div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There are currently numerous fad diets involving raw foods for pets. With an FIV+ cat, it is crucial not to succumb to these popular recommendations. Uncooked foods, especially meats, can include parasites and pathogens that a cat with a normal immune system might be able to handle, but which an FIV+ cat might not. Stick to the major reputable cat food brands.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div></span></span><span><span>3. Vaccination</span></span><img src="http://www.blogger.com/img/blank.gif" alt="Justify Full" border="0" class="gl_align_full" /></div><div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Vaccination should be continued for these cats just as they are for other cats. Some experts prefer killed vaccines because of the concern that modified live vaccines might revert to the virulent form in which it can cause disease. This has not panned out as a problem in reality; also, the killed vaccines have been associated with vaccine-associated fibrosarcomas, an additional problem an FIV+ cat does not need. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span><span><br />4. Parasite control</span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The last thing an FIV+ cat needs is fleas, worms or mites, especially now that he is going to be an indoor cat. There are numerous effective products on the market for parasite control. Consult with your veterinarian about which parasites you should be especially concerned with and which product is right for you. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div></span></span><span><span>4. Immune stimulating agents</span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There are numerous products on the market claiming to stimulate the immune system of an FIV+ cat. These include Acemannan, levamisole, ImmunoRegulin®, and interferon alpha. None of these products have been shown definitively to be helpful though it appears that they certainly do not do any harm. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span><span><br />6. ANTIOXIDANTS<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Oxidative stress is rather a long story and it has been implicated in the development of cancer, in age-related degeneration, and in other diseases. In short, oxidative stress stems from reactive oxygen compounds that our metabolism generates. The oxygen compounds are able to damage DNA unless they are scavenged (rendered harmless) by either the natural antioxidant systems of our bodies or by antioxidant supplements we take in pills. Oxidative stress has been implicated in the progression of HIV infection in humans and it has been extrapolated that the same is true of FIV infection in cats. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div> <br /></span></span></span></span><span><span>7. General monitoring</span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">While a non-geriatric FIV- cat should have an annual examination, the FIV+ cat should have a check-up twice a year. Annually, a full blood panel and urinalysis is a good idea. Also, it is important to be vigilant of any changes in an FIV+ cat. Small changes that one might not think would be significant in an FIV-negative cat should probably be thoroughly explored in an FIV+ cat.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); ">THE FELINE IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS IS<br />NOT TRANSMISSIBLE TO HUMANS IN ANY WAY.</span></b> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "><br /></span></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="color: rgb(255, 0, 0); "></span></span></div><b><span><span>Prognosis</span></span></b></span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">It is impossible to accurately predict the life expectancy of a cat infected with FIV. With appropriate care and under ideal conditions, many infected cats will remain in apparent good health for many months or years. If your cat has already had one or more severe illnesses as a result of FIV infection, or if persistent fever and weight loss are present, a much shorter survival time can be expected. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: FIV; Wendy C. Brooks, FIV infection; VCA animal hospital, Symptoms of FIV in cats; ww.petwave.com, FIV; Cornell University Collage of Veterinary Medicine, FIV; www.ascpa.org,<span style="text-align: left; ">Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV or Cat AIDS) - Causes, Symptoms & Treatment of FIV in Cats; www.cat-world.com.au, </span></div><span><span><br /></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><div><span><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div></span></div></span></span></div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com6tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-1709936536556289412012-06-30T06:44:00.011-07:002012-07-02T17:18:33.477-07:00Ectoparasite: Tick (Boophilus microplus) @ Rhipicephalus<div style=" font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:100%;"><span style=" text-align: left; font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:100%;">My case study</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">***************************************************</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCMU-LZrez8Dd3ntU4zp_tIfj9uqXFbjdMVKgckZ__DbOpK1g7nufju0ZsK0yMe_to9R36AegirEYHpy_7GfOuMGEpetrzwhLE0kAaghcF3QFNfK8I9VQ4m-mVaNMG44PhJanC3zCv7-Q/s400/DSC02738.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">See the lump?</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh8fOLrhOPz53AWdkHYJkqplAtJ5lA5dJhZaIuJo-uYMC5pN2kf2i10htx7IcXkCvOEQnxaaZaPpHn1OK4tf-807jEIpxilBD9omrMnO6VvvzDdU9RZqyPyr_Y-GRFQfm7ZqfMz6IFDKBg/s400/DSC02740.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">see something here</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi6nzgFZ_-N535KCRVPZfIt3b11cwhO4kJVmrEFyGSiETiCY3xJQyFoc10smXrdYmbMFVl1QwfOSZ-Z0iLLmRz-M0m8DqWl520FgoUKKc51b6SaruDLYrSMGGiIXCfjs6WE09MxLn9WhfQ/s400/DSC02765.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">and again</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>History</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Id: Hay (has been given birth to a calf recently)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Species: Cattle</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Age: About 2 and half years</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Breed: Charlois</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Sex: Female</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Weight: About 600 kg</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Nutrition: Feed on grass, free grazing</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Previous treatment: Deworming</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">*No vaccination is given </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgdm4RUBllnAbVMjq_TqRIfRNK3CwabnJashQ9JWj41KCDIHvblvi_JA6CEYe_-ugrM4-mDhZNm4TTsSD3h-6ztT_PXyspNLimyZGEJAMCncxHNncKMoHCj1MAGRj82ynnVioegUoKhpqs/s400/DSC02768.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Hay</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>General inspection</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Overall inspection: Healthy</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Temperament: Aggressive</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Body condition: 5/9</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Skin condition: Not smooth, lumps are found throughout the body. Ticks are found engorged on the skin</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOfQlpxD1z-G2GAh-pvtXYTTEz5aqg8l3Fvo5Lu760YbIopQJ9IEDDFKDWMXr6FlErdpYZ-6N6FAQ8sNsHok53N_xYtGi8TbWJ6rJ1Mm6IjKr58UVIkAxqoGM3-K_QUBvo7pXNpFnTVKA/s400/DSC02844.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Ticks isolated from the cow's skin</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">*Other than that, other findings were consider normal</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>Physical examination</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Temp: 39.1C (quite normal eh?)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Heart rate: 67 bpm</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Respiratory rate: (umm..guess i missed this out lol)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Mucous membrane: Pink</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">TPR: <2second</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; ">Skin palpation reveals there were small lump on the skin and many ticks are found within the region. Other findings are normal</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Samples taken:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Fecal sample (check on endoparasite)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Tick sample</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhoxoBrLtpKKqQeEMJGK1e5aIGD5nobceOrF7QwgGA7nPCuT6B-__HSwDUTyXYVXVzLkkxnitN3zmFldT3U7bnevwoANC5tIJCYG0sj-udE2jixhDcLnGBzFao6kHSuaeoa3nrk6d4x-Bo/s400/DSC02743.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Me preparing for fecal sample</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjb-cKa6JO9-1WmE9fpxr46-nE0ikTUhU1KDI0n3AUX_rCexoESX2hgJDo8NAWhInDYlQpMm2_gLtE1FPlppF0GZsN3PTOTQZkSqDsA5gXErVGSV5X4dt3iHDouFZTCMVgEpLfg9Xx1k0g/s400/DSC02744.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">When taking the fecal sample</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj2H7W2bZokwQV6ZgCRX_Z2ctmECc-mqjM5J-U2qPrU7A_UFqAVmDKMweiw8lp0lpdCAFDRr7X8wF-U1QpbboOaYoofMivUma4rr0-po2e2YKldXc8b95TkEpBcgK0gFW2UDvIN66G0hIY/s400/DSC02737.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">A tick</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>Treatment given: </b>30 mL Ketasol (vitamin B) IM, Oxytetracyline 1mg/kg IM, Bayticol (cattle tickicide 20mL/cow) pour on method</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilYr0Eo8uaXPH7C5gdzpXIwx_JcGqQDnpyXsS4L7Mn9SdDZ4gASLKxgij9pQenV3dfHpkla1Zk6-dW3A38qwQ2UHqKcAUh37LIfQf8oFgsM817OHALKX1liS22j-2MgPAXv6xY1XpAOUY/s400/DSC02752.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Me giving Bayticol by pour on method</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">oh my! i look so fat :(</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgmKEUj2s-_D7Po9GlULrWkO5QwcvtZkZz4EHdZwBwHDu365pS2Io4Jcfw11g82WZR2WKrz14DpqLnfKY9NpB58N8Jb1S75n1bZrmN6Ub82SaZiO2LDp6fFYB5zLqLcQR6VFx3WVQYTj7A/s400/DSC02779.JPG" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Bayticol</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:100%;"><span style="font-style: normal; ">The next day, I did fecal egg count by using McMaster technique but the result is negative. Maybe it is due to deworming activity done by the farmer. I also checked on the tick and it is positively from the </span><i>Boophilus</i> species. Since we're not taking any blood sample, so we are not sure weather the cattle is infected with some blood parasite such as <i>Babesiosis</i> or <i>anaplasmosis.</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; ">So I did some research to find out about <i>Boophilus</i> tick, of which something I have learnt in parasitology class from the previous semesters. Just for quick revision.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/images/Biosecurity_GeneralAnimalHealthPestsAndDiseases/Boophilus-females-various-sizes500.jpg" alt="Boophilus females at various sizes" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><em style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, Geneva, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 18px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); ">Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus</em> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><div><span><i>R. microplus</i> (formely known as <i>Boophilus microplus</i>) is a hard tick that </span><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;">can be found on many hosts including cattle, buffalo, horses, donkeys, goats, sheep, </span><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;">deer, pigs, dogs and some wild animals. Heavy tick burdens on animals can decrease </span><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;">production and damage hides. R. microplus can also transmit babesiosis (caused by </span><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;">the protozoal parasites Babesia bigemina and Babesia bovis) and anaplasmosis </span><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;">(caused by Anaplasma marginale). Under experimental conditions, this tick can </span><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;">transmit Babesia equi, the cause of equine piroplasmosis.</span></div><div><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;"><br /></span></div><div><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;"><b>Species affected</b></span></div><div><span style=" ;font-family:Georgia, serif;"><b></b></span></div><span><span></span></span><span><span><br />R. microplus mainly infests cattle, deer and buffalo, but it can also be found on horses, goats, sheep, donkeys, dogs, pigs and some wild mammals. </span></span><span style="text-align: left; ">Cattle are particularly vulnerable when they first encounter cattle ticks but develop a degree of resistance after repeated exposure.</span><span style="text-align: left; "> </span><span style="text-align: left; ">Bos indicus</span><span style="text-align: left; "> </span><span style="text-align: left; ">cattle (tropical breeds) and their crosses develop better resistance than do</span><span style="text-align: left; "> </span><span style="text-align: left; ">Bos taurus</span><span style="text-align: left; "> </span><span style="text-align: left; ">(British and European breeds). Horses, goats and sheep also suffer tick-worry but after a period of time they will develop strong resistance.</span></div><span style=" font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; font-family:Georgia, serif;font-size:100%;"><span><br /><b>Life cycle</b></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><b></b></span></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; ">The cattle tick spends the parasitic stage of its life on the one host (one host tick). This stage takes approximately 21 days during which time the tick changes from a minute larvae to a nymph and finally an adult. Adult females feed slowly for about a week before rapidly filling with blood just prior to detachement. They then drop onto pasture, lay up to 3000 eggs and die. Eggs hatch to produce larvae which infest the pasture until picked up by a suitable host or they die. This non-parasitic stage can vary from approximately two months in summer to six to seven months over winter and is adversely affected by extremes in temperature and moisture levels. Males feed occasionally, but do not fill with blood. They wander over the beast for two months or more, mating with females. </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsOXOyh1UugfHmdIazUOSr75-Bd6E5xM7jT3k-1HmMowjoOOKRt4PUi561q1rkaZR8r_gSsuq_pi4Fa2NvIICVIgJW1vO9wVMkBwkIhd40vDSv7yhmxbF7jvYrNoUxGkzD-M04nep0tVI/s400/cattletick-life-cycle500.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Life cycle <i>R.microplus</i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>Pathology (general)</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Ticks are primarily parasites of wild animals and only 10% of species feed on domestic animals, primarily sheep and cattle. The effect of ticks on host species can be divided into:</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><ul><li>Cutaneous effects: Inflammation and infection</li><li>Systemic effects: Transmission of microorganism from another host, paralysis of the hist and bacteraemia resulting of the introduction of micro-organism</li></ul><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">At the site of a tick focal dermal necrosis and haemorrhage occur, followed by an inflammatory response often involving eosinophils. Although a hypersensitivity reaction may be involved in the local response, the innate inflammatory response and dermal necrosis is sufficient to damage the hide. Tick bite wounds can become infected with <i>staphylococcus </i>bacteria causing local cutaneous abscesses or pyaemia. Heavy tick infestation can result in significant blood loss, reduced productivity, reduced weight gain and can cause restlessness. Tick bite lesions may also predispose animals to myiasis</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Systemis effects: Vectors of disease.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Through their blood feeding habits, ticks are important as vectors of animal disease, transmitting a wide range of pathogenic viruses, rickettsia, bacteria and protozoa. In addition, many of the major diseases transmitted by ticks, such as tick-borne encephalitis, lyme disease, relapsing fever or Rocky Mountain spotted fever are pathogenic to humans. Wild and domestic animals are particularly important as reservoirs of the organisms causing these disease through animal/tick.human cycle of contact.</div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Ticks are effective vectors because;</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: left; "><ul><li><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">They attach securely to their hosts, allowing them to be transferred to new habitats while on the host</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">The lengthy feeding period allows large numbers of pathogens to be ingested</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">While feeding the ticks often regurgitate, introducing pathogens to the host</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">Many species of tick are long lived</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">Females lay large numbers of eggs and therefore tick populations have rapid potential for increase</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">Of they fail to fond a host they can survive for lengthy periods without feeding</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">Ingested pathogens may be passed from larva to nymph and nymph to adult females to the next generation via ovaries</span></li><li><span style="font-family:Georgia, serif;">Non viraemic transmission may occur between co-feeding ticks</span></li></ul></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><i><br /></i></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>Identification of <i>R.microplus</i></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b><div></div></b></div></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><i>Rhipicephalus microplus</i> is a member of the family Ixodidae (hard ticks). This tick was formerly known as <i>Boophilus microplus</i>; however, Boophilus has recently become a subgenus of the genus Rhipicephalus. Hard ticks have a dorsal shield (scutum) and their mouthparts (capitulum) protrude forward when they are seen from above. Boophilus ticks have a hexagonal basis capitulum. The spiracular plate is rounded or oval and the palps are very short, compressed, and ridged dorsally and laterally. Males have adanal shields and accessory shields. The anal groove is absent or indistinct in females, and faint in males. There are no festoons or ornamentation.</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><div>R. microplus adults have a short, straight capitulum. The legs are pale cream and there is a wide space between </div><div>first pair of legs and the snout. The body is oval to rectangular and the shield is oval and wider at the front. The </div><div>snout is short and straight. The nymphs of this species have an orange-brown scutum. The body is oval and wider at front. The body color is brown to blue-gray, with white at the front and sides. R. microplus larvae have a short, straight capitulum and a brown to cream body. Larvae have six legs instead of eight.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.discoverlife.org/IM/I_NTC/0002/320/Boophilus_microplus,_male,_body_bottom,I_NTC252_1.jpg" alt="Boophilus microplus, male, body bottom" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Male</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.discoverlife.org/IM/I_NTC/0002/320/Boophilus_microplus,_female,_body_top,I_NTC261_1.jpg" alt="Boophilus microplus, female, body top" /> </div></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Female</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.daff.qld.gov.au/images/Biosecurity_GeneralAnimalHealthPestsAndDiseases/cattle-tick-engorged-females250.jpg" alt="Two engorged adult female cattle ticks" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Female (engorged ticks)</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Tick control</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In regions where this tick is endemic, control methods include acaricide treatment, pasture rotation, environmental modification, and integrated biologic and chemical control strategies. Acaricide resistance is common in the <i>Boophilus</i> subgenus of ticks. The use of resistant breeds is an important means of tick control in some countries. European (Bos taurus) breeds of cattle usually remain fairly susceptible to ixodid ticks, even after multiple exposure.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ideally, the cattle should be removed from the infected pasture (although this is not always practical) and topical therapy is the used to reduce the tick population. The life cyle of the particular ticks involved will influence the application regime, with multiple-host ticks requiring prolonged insecticidal programmes, whereas control of one-host ticks may only require treatment for a few weeks of the year. Organophosphates and pyrethroids have been used to control tick populations. Resistannce of various topical insecticides is also an increasing problem.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The following compounds have been used in the control of ticks in cattle: Amitraz, chlorpyrifos, cypermectin, cyprothrin, deltamethrin, diazinon, dichlorvos, dioxathion, flumethrin, malathion, permethrin, phosmet, propetamhos and trichlorfon. These are available in various formulations including sprays, dip and slow-release ear tags. Systemic treatment with 200 ug/kg ivermectin every 2-4 weeks has also been shown to prevent tick engorgement and reproduction. Management measures include separation if cattle from infected pasture and cultivation of the infested land.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: Cattle tick, Queensland Government, <i>Rhipicipalus microplus</i>, the center for food security and public health, Vet ectoparasite, biology, pathology, and control 2nd ed Blackwell science.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><div></div></b></div><div style="font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-8275224119653440202012-06-29T19:06:00.003-07:002012-06-29T20:05:46.402-07:00Are we a human?<div style="text-align: justify; "><span ><span style="font-size: 100%;">I was very much pissed off when somebody (i think) drooped 3 little poor kittens (about less than a month) nearby our hostel few weeks ago. All of them hasn't WEANED yet! poor creatures. As I were storming to get back in my room in one rainy </span>Saturday<span style="font-size: 100%;"> night, I bumped into one of them, very skinny, whole body was wet, meowing for coldness. She stares at me with her beautiful bound eyes that ask for help. As a sense of responsible I took the kitty to my room, made a warm milk, and dried her off. She wasn't eaten for a few days and couldn't able to drink the milk at all.</span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">I never gave up. I went to ask for a cat biscuit from someone and crushed it into tiny pieces and force feed the little kitten. After about 6-7 pieces of biscuit, I let her off outside. She suddenly poops with brownish, stringy diarrhoea. The next night, I found her on the toilet, looking very weak and couldnt able to get up. My friends took her and clean her up as she couldn't able to stand. After a while, she poops with the same watery brownish stringy diarrhoea. I was thinking that I will bring her to our faculty for at least give her fluid therapy to revive her strength. Next morning, I took her to our faculty and she poops again in my car. After I took her out to clean, this is what I found;</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">Three round worms in very small kitty</div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">I took the worms and put it inside the formalin bottle. After a while, she was struggling to breath using her mouth and she is no longer sitting in sternal recumbency. It was an emergency and I took her immediately to vet. The vet says the kitty couldn't able to survive because she was too little and too weak and have to be euthanized. Her face turned blue and she close her eyes slowly. I have to let it happen, as I think that will be the best way for her.</div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">The last time I saw her breathing is the last time her bound eyes look at me before rigor mortis starts to kick in..</div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">RIP little kitty.</div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; ">If only if we as human use only a piece sense of our responsibility, the poor kitty would be able to live, playing happily with her littermates. Please think before you ditch them.</div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-92014841973184355562012-06-21T21:50:00.004-07:002012-06-21T22:27:58.098-07:00Horner's syndrome<div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; ">I dropped into these words at last semester during my </span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; ">ophthalmology class. But it is then repeated in our neurological class. Seems to have interrelation on it right?</span></div><div><span ><span style="font-size: 100%;"><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span ><span style="font-size: 100%;">**********************************************************</span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span ><span style="font-size: 100%;"></span></span></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img 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uAtQhQtGmljM+NZhmSlSLRJCklJjYpuZgGrTFYtoJGVAaWFSRAJ2SIETpIjrU9H6nq/A3nzlBACXJcBCEkhIJgIm+YgTBi00H/pyshVEDX7RSATPKYJuQIoq3HXFyNE6WCJA9pRtr31WuYhJz5UBagdQB3m+kbVrGRVjL2UnMbmxzAWOuo3HWl8RgDAJAjwg9RuKkpcAAmOgI+PKh/vFoItIMfnVCy30gQbdZt4ChLfBt8jQ8Y4FfdHQDXvpdhcWHyqKhi1jYVXOyasMQ2dTSSxVCShUKbcaml3WCO6qiOasqC1XrKDrn0id/Ck1g1b4zDGar3EHurk72FfCpBHKtgGiBXStOdEw8g2E/XKmW0z0PwoLBPUd1MpxIIhWo30P61pKI1HvXHmaMWhqm4+N9r0uF8+9OlE9cY0iYv8AlREloUpUAZRtHPmTyqpx2Ese/wAO+ugZeN+Wh0+EUvxJAg7CJuIJ5D9KGuWaTAJPs6daClIvMjlv53tRHXoB5kzSwUaIYSBamUrSLx8eVV4VRQqRQGcWCDQAYv8AA71BVbmqG8M4EAnlBgG45E+ceMGotykmI301gwaCwoA6bRz1tpv+gpthB1BmEgX3MZYHcKCw4dKkiZAQQnMOsxmPwq/ZVkEKuCdQarsNgEwQCRmEwdiNlD5HrT+Hwh1URFvaMa6G+ka1lTLuIzGUkTOlhtHdPWkHeJvFUZlC+hIsSI2F++m1MxqNRIVYz3EGl1YjLfpyg1UCdeVlywpU8ye+06d9IvriArvCUU45jFX66xM906mlfVA7E99h+ZpVQzK6JnxNScMC9TDPQW1NDLkWP141FJPuEcyKEjKLwfkaYfdE9OWtAKxNpNAJ1yd5pNwU67lItr1pJ2iIpNSLYIrTao8aKE8ttudULK4fWUb96jnWUHtuK9FZvEVzPGPRvKYAk9K9HxHUz0FVz3D1LM2HxNeadPodca8ixvDijal22jvXquJ9GQs9q/fVHxL0NInKfCLV0nTz9cWORDVqmUj3hHXUU7iOGlo9on/TSnrIMCI5HQ101xrGSFSAmT00qZWn2SNPP40otYBmDB2mwojbWa8RHLeiHmlAAZu4JESai6CtJzWHW+/Ot+rQkAkCYkTM0HFPBImd7Wqo57G4GJO01XE3M93iBXQYwZmyq0Sfwm1UbjdqIgg0YJ5UNtMUykW36c7aVQF1ERyNQWRH1FTcFqiBQRTII2INXHCmgTvy6E6kq6EzSWCw4VrYDrvXQ8LYyqGgkQe46bVBeNMAwoSFJMm0k2soDQ3EEdTVvhmm1NLSoJAN7wROhynUX+dN8F4K+6jO0lWsaWII576a0rjeFOISSsAzKSVJJAg7xBB2nregqcdwlTMSCQB7kKselU+LeA0Cu9UA69K6VbUoBAVBkADOpKY1k3IFc1xNvIfZ13knXlIEUCbTpUSB4XijttK1yd8q0pNCClUye4iKaQ6o6mR1qVpNbog3HKCfkari9eCRTaikiIE9L0ulkH9aBdUf8VpxI53oqk5fdBpZ54G2nfUGOokX+FJkDnPwNNoVaKRcRcg1pKkhPOIiiN2P18Kg0nWdKk6kjW42qAnqEm5FZQg9WUMfSJiTUQuKHiXOVCViABfyFzXjfU1Nw9oUwlgHbzqrfxaiOzA+NTwhccFs5jWJA89KsSh8V4DnBv8AD84rheM8HaYP2hWqfulsfiqvQcRw8AdtxCf7syvJM1y3H28L7yHXY+5Dc+Jk/CuvFeXyc/ccPxFtswWkqH9akqJ7gkCpYQ2g/XOr9zGstpGXh4ROinHFrUZ5AgeYqtxKwtQhsJP8pUonwJgV2jzAlZjaeX60m8wToR48qbWCDFh4gq8RtWPN20mL2qhN3LkUmADGvhEVTLw8R9XNXOITAk3n6ItSuayZjp53oYqy1BopHhVklAXrA5eX/FSVwvOeQA+RiaGKh5kxP1zobYNWeKwWW2vI7Hn+PlQEYW8UMFwSYEqEA6W57ir3grYUQIuogC4m5Gu/5VUqZKgmxCdut9vGuz/Z96OuuYpBSYAvmSYsIm+/IgUR7L6J8FOGw4QdT2iLWJ2tT+N4Q277aJOk7/rTia3VHmXHsGzhnClKVoVfJ6tIG/3idDvFc/iX3CJCiDrCxlvzS4kQTpyr0j0s4Qlac8KURsCT4gVwKmgmc6f/AG+MGsjgeLY9aF9rOOQXlUD1FqVRiwoXjwt510XGOGgyQBHInnuNq57/AKMCTCgOW/yooSm50odxRUsqbN1COs3+FDUpM2VB+FFGCgdR5flSmJYnu5VsvR+dbL87juqBMo+jSykmem1WK4ilH020vViVphOxoyEyCKFhxNTSSDRYAvBmbVlO5AbzFZTR7q7mWOyMqeZt5k0ilbaLKXmPJIt/qNVuL4uVG5mouYfRTig2P5rqPckXrz492rgcTSn2EJHVXbPxt8KXeffdPZzqG4ns/gBSeD4iFqyMNF1X3l+yOuUWHiac4hxBphM4p0vKGjLRhI6EiwqznXO+SRPDYIKVlK8yvuMguq7iR2R50bGqZww7a2cOr+c+ve8EJsnyrhsf6b47Gk4fAt+ob971XYCRzddMR51LgXBcOwpPrFHGPq0AzFqenvORzsnqa3OHHryXp2WC9FGcaPWpW6pStFuW+u6a5j0l9F3cMTlzKQDEwACTtG9egcJWsKBcc0EhtEBKQOcWA8h1q7WpjGJyqhR52Mf01tyeCNN6kAGORHlUX0ymQkd99eVta9uT+zrDG6QUjpE9TPM/Cmv/AOAwmWAiNpBvFU14a1w8LsoGBuIvGoHhvtVfxrCJSBlGlgBeRuT9X1r3hz9nOH7RAMkQB7vS25615/xz0CfDkJbOQqgEa31Uoje1B5ypGfKEiJFQU1lE35Wr0XD/ALK3gFKWMs6Xgjr50vwj9nLrspUVWCjaBoqI8qaOQwfDlOvNtFUFZSJuQkKNye7WvTOI/sTAZCmnitYuZACVdRFE9HP2cLQ/20xlghXTYp6gjTqa9WZRCQDeBUnuV4Ex6F4h1WRCCkg9wAmCRtrl0Nem+gfoe7g7rcNwQUSFJvooHWe+DXYpaA0AE3tU61iMrKytGqBvEBJmw8q4D0xwwAKigOiNFjtR/luohQ+I6V6CuCDOm9cl6RcSDMoTkKYkpVty3sDzFu6sjylzCYZ4/YYlTDm6XhIHT1iB/uSKquN8FfZAccBy6Bxs52j1zIJAq64rwxnHLUWVlrEI9xdjYaW1H8yRI3THaqhb4nicMSjMtpehEylYOk6pWk7EyKJFUriSxZfaT15cwaXeKdRp9WIq7HFMM/KMQz6pR/i4YBPitgnKb/dKaSxXo242graUnEsbrZklA5uNntt95EdajWq0rnQ+FDm88q1IvUimRRWJxPyvQ89+nWhqBFTSK0grAg28qK+3KbWoQ276ZKTHhUVWjGxY61lbdwtzetUR2K/TYzlw7ZG2dQlxX9I93wpo4QtgPcQcKAq6WUmXVjry7zai8IwqcOj1jaUqV7q3ISnqsk6IHmqLVSY3izIcKzOLeUbrckNA8kp1UB1gVMi3quiwfpBiMX9nhW/3fDJ1y2Kv/I6a3j3MPh0S4S+vQNtkhJPIr1Ph50rhsQ64lKVEknRCRAHRKU2rXGfVYRQ9d9q/7rCD7AOnrlj2Z+6O0elaZFwbGIxSCVFvD4ZBvbJh2zyO77vST4U+zjmWGypklto2VingC8+R7rDZ0T8BVHxHiKk5V4uFLSPscInstNDYuJFkj+X2jqTVbinish/GKJkdhsdlShtlGjbfXeLTrWR02E425iZSj7HDA9pSySVHm4vVxf8AKNOVdJhuODCNkIBzuRkSr/EIPvu/cTuEDvNcQzxAshK1pBfI/wDjsAfZsIOi1J+8dgbmJNIP45RKs7hIn7V0mStRuUInU8+7lRXqXC/2iqSe3BSn2l9eQ51f4b9pTBAzWkE+A/WvBU8azdpQhCbJQNzsPxJoY4qtZkm61gdwSJ8AJHlRX0fg/TRlyLgTpenH/SRhIkq0FfNiuNqFwYvAvoALRR3PSBwpuoyozE7bA+NEx7Vxj02aTmgyAQDpqRMecVU8K9NAFXEDnztP515M7xNS+dzJPXeRRXeLn1aQDuR8daq4+keH8YbcCYUJImPCad/eE8x5184J9JnErTlJBgQO8fpFWqvT15KNdDPgLEUR74lwVKa8Lwf7UX20mRMSN7ixB8j8Kt+GftbUtIKoAKshP3SZyq7jI+NEeuFVLYnHhI7hJ7udeZcN/ajndLbgKCCQQNZBg5J0VuOZEb0zjeLPh4srUnORmZX/AA15tAf8t0QlQ90kHaaDpsfxQPNKU2r2SQVJnsW96LlPPca3E15/xTiec+oxwU2E/wCG8g/aMK2Ukj22jYxuLinMHiCwRiWMwQTlcbWe02oatO72M5VdO+rT0g4azjMPnTZMTMXZOqpA/h7qSNAcybSKjLzrjnCHG1JS4QHPaYfb9h1IvKCNxunUbD3THD8bbxKThsd2FD2H7AgnQr7+eh3v2qZw2OLObBYpBW3MpTMKB2Uyv3VRBSdDobGq7j/BDCVJV6xKwosugQHQJKkKHuPJ3Qe8WJNFUnHODuYZ0tuDaQR7K0nRaDuk0phMattQU2tSFp0UkkEeIqw4PxlLiE4XEqIZn7JyMysOo7p39WfeRpuIOqXFeEuYZ0tuRuUqTdKxpmSdx/xVaWB4gxiT9ukMun+O2nsKJ/7zSf8AeiDzSar8fwtxgjPBSoShaTmQ4OaFCx67jcCk6s+FcUW0CiAttV1NrkoUfvDdK+SkwfC1DFXPlUXTAq+VwptxCl4ckpF1tq/xWupiziJ98eIG9LiEdmDr+VICNkG/MfGiByBSfC39Unwph9ECgiVk3ERWVXetPOsq4atuLcecxCpWbaJSLJSBYBI6CmfR/gynlBaoQ0k3WrQxskaqPQUsMIhjtPjMvVLIOnIukaD+UXq84LiFlRddPbgBtAEJbTzCdE9B4mmDp8VxQYVpXqUkOEQCYK72E8lHZI03muOViBhTP+Ji1mSfaDJV/udv4VZ8dx6mGwE3eWbblE7j+f5Vyf7z6kHKZeOq9ck6hPNXNVEOuvJYJU59riDfKrtJbJvLv3175dBvypjBu+rH75iftFrP2CF39YoW9Yof9tOw3Iiq7g+BSrM69PqW/a5uKN0tp6nc7CaDxHiinnStUTYJA9lCRZKUjkKgbVilFSnHFkrVKnFakTcJHU/CkHscVm9gAQkDRM/MnUneoqXaNp8zvQFVVGW9pyAgU0ziYSOfaH+qBVaVUZsWpSDetJMeNSDt6gkRUZqKdbxVoph14BAA3JN6rUKo2YmgYXjrg/dgDy/OiN40lBB7vh+gqqzfOmc1qA68STuYyga8hFH4U7EpJsuUnxFj4GKRUqi4RMqHfQxc4xqSF6EpGY/zJMT32+Ndhg+MjE4NGY9pghCyb5Aowh0gXKL+rWOSkkXTfh8Q/mgclGf7gJ+IprgHF/3d8KUMyFSh1P3212UO+LjqBULNei/v5bJdKZzENYlBNlkplC5H30D2h77ZI1pccXODdQttRWy4CUHTMlJgg8nUGR39FUjwx8IecwjypGUIbX/3GnCFNETulWRxHepO4iqwr+Vx3BYg5UrWYUf4LybBwfymAFc0mdhVZdF6UcGaxLQW2UgABSFaBvMYAPJhSuz/AJS7eyquNwnGlsOKDiCptSsmJZV2SHG9HEH+G7aQobggyDV5guKqwzxw7kJ1Bz3SlahlUFj3mliEqHIgi4rOKcFDoKmwQSlTYCu0sFsZv3dw+862LoV/EaPNN4jkfSrgaEKRiGFBxh+SlURCxdbbifccGuXebWo2F4gHsPkdBX6qM4HtBBhKXm599FkqBspOWdAQD0c4qGVONup9Yw8IcbmJKbpUg+64n3Vedprb+COEfQ6g+tw7gJQuIDjZ7K0LHurAJCk7HwNVSeI4eW1wSFJUJQoeytJ0Un8dwRBuKhkgTVw80lEsrP2YOZtzXLnGZDnVJEBQ6cwKrcQ0UEpVYjXlzkHcHUHcGo0zDultaVoJSoXCgYIomKKMTOXK2/Ps2S26f5Nm3D932VbQbFd1yEg9KpnX5zdasSpoBSoggpUCQQRBBGxB0NPuOSg0JjGh8BDyglwABDx3gQEPHcbBeqd5GmnWVIBSsQQYIP1fXXeqivKKyokGsqh/Adp5E3lYmbzfeum9FbvLm/2p16VqsqLG+Pn2juELIO+tcbW6yiLji9sNhALAocUQNCc0SRzjeqhvUd/41qsoJL08T86ga3WVRA0wisrKiwQ0OsrKkVJvWmBoa3WUoUo40rKygk5r4U3gtU1lZUVMb/1D5GpH2h3isrKUdF6Qn7PDHf8AclX37LruW/SBHdTnp7/91o7qw+GKjuSWhJJ3J51lZRkl6aaMHdWDaJO5ha0iTvYAdwq84Qsw/c//AJ+Hc/vQ8kJX/WBMK1FZWUZrivSJAGPxAAAAfXAFgO2rSn+D3wHEAbhC2FJBuEqUtSSpI2JSACRsKysotC4l/wDXw5/y/k84B8KT4n/hMHfIsTvCXVADwFZWUaIYz2PCqTesrK1ErE61fY6+Fw53lwTvCVDKO4SYG01lZVRUVqsrKD//2Q==" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Horner's syndrome in a cat</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Horner's Syndrome is a <b>common neurological disorder of the eye and facial muscles,</b> caused by dysfunction of the sympathetic nervous system. The condition usually occurs suddenly and without warning. The most common clinical signs of Horner's Syndrome are</div><span><ul><li>Drooping of the eyelid on the affected side (ptosis)</li><li>The pupil of the affected eye will be constricted (miosis), or smaller than usual</li><li>The affected eye often appears sunken (enophthalmos)</li><li>The third eyelid of the affected eye may appear red and raised or protruded (conjunctival hyperemia)</li></ul><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.lifelearn-cliented.com/cms/resources/body/6389/horners_syndrome_in_cats1.jpg" alt="horners_syndrome_in_cats1" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><span style="text-align: justify; ">Horner's syndrome is not a disease but a CONDITION!</span> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><p style="text-align: center;font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><img src="http://mobile.vetlearn.com/Media/images/PV/PV_29_12_733_f8.png" /> </p></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>What causes Horner's syndrome?</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">If the sympathetic nervous system that supplies the eyes is damaged or is malfunctioning, the parasympathetic system 'takes over', and the symptoms of Horner's Syndrome appear. The damage or malfunction can occur in the neck area, the ear area or the eye area. Damage may occur because of <b>blunt force trauma</b> such as that caused by an automobile accident or because of a bite wound from another animal. </div></span></span><div><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Other problems that can cause damage or inflammation of the nerves in this area include diseases within the eye or in the retrobulbar (behind the eye) area, problems in the middle ear (otitis media), or tumors in the chest, neck or brain.In dogs, Horner's Syndrome is 'idiopathic', which means it has an unknown cause, in about half the cases. In cats, however, a cause is virtually always found, and idiopathic Horner's Syndrome is very rare. With many cats that develop Horner's Syndrome there is a recent history of trauma, particularly being hit by a car.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>Nasopharyngeal polys removal in cats can also cause the development of Horner Syndrome due to nerve damage. It is usually temporary and does not effect cat's behavior.</div></div><div><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><span><span>Depending on the cat's recent history and other physical findings on examination, veterinarian may recommend a series of diagnostic tests to determine if there is an underlying cause. Initial tests will usually include a neurologic evaluation, an otoscopic examination (examination of the ears) and x-rays of the chest and neck area.</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><b>How can sympathetic damage occurs?</b></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><span><span><span><span><b><br /></b></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.caminoanimalclinic.com/library/images/horners_syndrome_2.jpg" alt="Chart showing Horner's Syndrome" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The nerve carrying the tiny nerve fibers that provide sympathetic control to the eye have a long path. The damage may have occurred anywhere along this path.The nerves originate in the brain stem and travel down the spinal cord in the neck area exiting just inside the chest (at the level of the second thoracic vertebra). The nerves then form the cervical sympathetic trunk, a bundle of nerves that travels back up the neck, this time outside the spinal cord, to the middle ear (this area is shown in red).These nerves then connect to new nerves just below the ear. The new nerves continue their journey to the eye. The damage can occur in the neck area, the ear area or the eye area. Damage can occur in the form of trauma, tumor involvement, infarction (abnormal blood clot), middle ear infection, or diseases of the eye itself.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Diagnosis</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Localizing which area of the sympathetic nervous system is affected goes a long way in determining the <b>nature of the damage</b> as different areas of the system are prone to different types of injury. Certain eye drops can be used to stimulate different areas of the nervous system and determine if the lesion is in the <b>first nerve segment or in the second nerve segment.</b> Most injuries turn out to be in the second nerve segment.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">With second nerve segment involvement: If ear infection is not obvious and disease of the eye beyond the Horner's syndrome itself is not obvious, then it is probably prudent to allow the syndrome to <b>resolve </b>on its own. This usually occurs within 6 to 8 weeks. Further diagnostics may be undertaken if new developments occur or if the syndrome persists beyond this time.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">With first nerve segment involvement: Involvement of the first nerve segment <b>indicates a problem in the chest or spinal cord and is more significant. </b>Chest radiographs should be taken to rule out cancer spread to the chest (the only sign of this may be the Horner's syndrome). The front leg should be carefully checked for evidence of function loss as a tumor or protruding intervertebral disc could be exerting pressure on the spinal cord. Trauma to the neck as with a strong jerk from a collar or straining against a leash can also produce Horner's syndrome from this section of the nerve. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Generally more diagnostic work is needed for cases involving the first nerve segment as there is potential for more serious underlying causes. If the syndrome stemmed from pulling on the leash, it should resolve uneventfully, depending on how badly damaged the nerve is.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Treatment</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Most cases of Horner’s Syndrome will <b>resolve spontaneously</b>. It is important to treat any underlying disease. There are several diagnostic tests that will be performed to determine if there is an underlying cause in your pet. Symptomatic treatment usually involves phenylephrine drops placed in each eye every 12-24 hours to <b>dilate the pupil.</b> Other eye medications might be useful to avoid development of <b>corneal ulcers from the exposed keratitis.</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.lifelearn-cliented.com/cms/resources/body/6389/horners_syndrome_in_cats_2.jpg" alt="horners_syndrome_in_cats_2" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Prognosis and recovery rate</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The prognosis depends on the <b>underlying cause</b>. Patients with chest trauma tend to have a quicker recovery rate (days to weeks) than patients with other lesions. If the underlying problem is Feline Dysautonomia, the prognosis is poor.</div></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: The pet health library; Wendy C brooks, Horner's syndrome in cat VCA Animal hospitals, Nasopharyngeal polyps in cats; ACVS Veterinary surgeon Karen Tobias</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, 'DejaVu Sans', sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-15410238736883552342012-06-20T23:30:00.003-07:002012-06-20T23:30:36.724-07:00HyperadrenocorticismAn endocrine disease<br />
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<span style="background-color: white;">Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism) in dogs is a condition that results from the </span>chronic<span style="background-color: white;"> overproduction of too much<a href="http://www.blogger.com/goog_269935678"> </a></span>glucocorticoid<span style="background-color: white;"> in the body. In the normal dog, the pituitary gland produces a hormone called ACTH, which stimulates the adrenal gland to produce the glucocorticoid hormones necessary for the function of many systems in the body. If something goes wrong in the pituitary gland or adrenal gland and too much glucocorticoid is produced, then Cushing's disease develops.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Cushing's disease brought about by an adrenal tumor is commonly seen in the Toy Poodle, German Shepherd Dog, Dachshund, Labrador Retriever, and some Terrier breeds. The pituitary dependent form is commonly seen in the Poodle, Dachshund, Beagle, German Shepherd Dog, Boston Terrier, and Boxer.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">A sex predilection for females is seen in some dogs with hyperadrenocorticism secondary to adrenal tumors. The most common clinical signs are <b>polydipsia (PD), polyuria (PU), polyphagia, heat intolerance, lethargy, abdominal enlargement or “potbelly,” panting, obesity, muscle weakness, and recurrent urinary tract infections.</b> Dermatologic manifestations are numerous and often include truncal alopecia, thin skin, phlebectasias, comedones, bruising, cutaneous hyperpigmentation, calcinosis cutis, pyoderma, dermal atrophy, secondary demodicosis, and seborrhea. Cutaneous mineralization (calcinosis cutis) is a characteristic although infrequent finding in dogs. Although mineral deposition may occur anywhere in the skin, the dorsal midline, ventral abdomen, and inguinal region are affected most frequently. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">For dogs ultimately diagnosed with Cushing's disease, hair loss was one of the most common reasons the owners first brought their dog in for evaluation.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Numerous mineral crystals are deposited along collagen and elastin fibers in the dermis and outer subcutis and may protrude through the atrophic and thinned epidermis. In less severe cases, the epidermis remains intact and appears irregularly elevated by the firm, opaque, white deposits of mineral. A narrow rim of hyperemia and foreign-body granulomatous inflammation often surrounds the areas of mineralization. The mineral deposits occur despite normal blood calcium and phosphorus levels probably because of the gluconeogenic and protein catabolic actions of cortisol. Mineralization may also occur in other tissues of the body, most frequently the airways and blood vessels.</span></div>
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Mineralization of skin</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Increased Water Consumption and Urination: The most common symptom is increased consumption of water and the resultant increased urination (polyuria/polydipsia). The dogs drink between two and ten times the normal amount of water and the resultant increase in urination follows. This symptom is present in over 85% of all animals with Cushing's disease. Previously housebroken animals may begin to have accidents because their bladders fill quickly with the overproduction of urine.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Increase in Appetite: Increase in appetite (polyphagia) is another common clinical symptom that shows up in around 80% of the affected animals. Dogs may begin stealing food, getting into the garbage, begging continuously, and become very protective of their food. Despite having other symptoms, the owner may feel that the dog is okay because of his good appetite.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Abdominal Enlargement: Abdominal enlargement is a common symptom in up to 80% of the affected dogs. The potbellied appearance is a result of the shifting of fat to the abdominal area and a weakening and wasting of muscle mass in the abdomen.</span></div>
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<b>Types of hyperadrenocorticism</b></div>
<br />1. Pituitary Dependant Hyperadrenocorticism<div>
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The most common cause of Cushing's disease is a microscopic, benign pituitary tumor (microadenoma) which oversecretes ACTH and ignores the adrenals' response. 50% of pituitary tumors are less than 3mm in diameter. The dog's pituitary keeps cranking out ACTH, causing the adrenals to keep cranking out cortisol, yet the pituitary does not respond to the elevated blood cortisol levels by stopping its release of ACTH. 85% of Cushing's cases are pituitary dependent. Dogs with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism tend to have two very large adrenal glands, as both are constantly working to keep up production of excess cortisol.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Larger pituitary tumors (macroadenomas, over 1 centimeter in diameter) can place pressure on brain tissue and nerves, causing blindness, circling, seizures, or other neurological problems not directly related to hyperadrenocorticism. Some of these symptoms (e.g., incoordination) can resemble side-effects of medications used to treat Cushing's disease, further complicating diagnosis and treatmen</span><span style="background-color: white; color: #000099; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: -webkit-left;">t.</span></div>
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<br /><br />2. Adrenal-based Hyperadrenocorticism</div>
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Alternatively, there may be an adrenal tumor responsible for secreting too much cortisol. <b>50% of these are benign (adenomas), and 50% are malignant (adenocarcinomas) </b>and are inclined to spread to the lungs and liver. Again, the interplay between pituitary and adrenal messages is lost, and the tumor keeps secreting too much cortisol irrespective of what the brain is telling it. 15% of Cushing's cases are adrenal-based. In these dogs, one adrenal gland tends to be extremely enlarged (due to the tumor and the overproduction of cortisol that goes with it), and the other tends to be extremely small (to try to compensate for the overactive larger one</div>
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Normal physiology of adrenal glands</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3. Iatrogenic Hyperadrenocorticism</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The third cause of Cushing's is one that we can create ourselves if we give a dog too much external glucocorticoid, especially for chronic conditions like allergies. We essentially do what the adrenal tumor would do by flooding the dog's body with an excess of corticosteroid. Although both the adrenals and pituitary will attempt to respond to our interference by cutting ACTH and cortisol secretion, if we continue to bombard the dog's body with too much glucocorticoid, symptoms of Cushing's disease will result. The reason dogs are given tapering doses or every-other-day doses of steroids like prednisone is to avoid this consequence. Dogs with this form of Cushing's tend to have<b> two very small, atrophied adrenal glands. </b>Nonetheless, if iatrogenic (veterinary-induced) hyperadrenocorticism develops, it is fully reversible. The external source of steroid is slowly withdrawn to allow the adrenals to "wake up" and resume functioning.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Diagnosis</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">1. Urine Cortisol:Creatinine Ratio</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">In this test, the owner generally collects a urine sample at home (where the animal is not stressed). The sample is sent by the veterinarian to a special laboratory for testing. Most dogs with Cushing's disease have an abnormal result. However, there are other diseases that can also cause abnormal results. So if this test is abnormal, further diagnostic testing should be performed. </span></div>
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2. Low dose dexamethasone test (LDDT)</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The low-dose dexamethasone suppression (LDDS) test is the screening test of choice for hyperadrenocorticism in dogs. It is sensitive; only 5% of dogs with hyperadrenocorticism exhibit suppressed cortisol concentrations at 8 hr. In addition, 30% of dogs with PDH exhibit suppression at 3 or 4 hr followed by “escape” of suppression at 8 hr—this pattern is diagnostic for PDH. The major disadvantage of the LDDS test is the lack of specificity in dogs with nonadrenal illness (diabetes mellitus, chronic renal disease, liver disease); these dogs should be treated for the nonadrenal illness and stabilized before the LDDS test is performed.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Steps:</span></div>
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•Obtain a baseline (0 hour) blood sample, <br />•Administer dexamethasone sodium phosphate (0.015 mg/kg) or aqueous dexamethasone (0.01 mg/kg) IV <br />•Obtain two additional blood samples four and eight hours later <br />•Serum cortisol concentrations are measured <br />•Dexamethasone -- exogenous steroid à provides negative feedback to the pituitary àsuppress the secretion of ACTH. <br />•Marked decrease in blood cortisol levels -- normal <br />•No decrease -- Cushing's disease (>90%)<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<span style="background-color: white;">2. ACTH test</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">This is another test that is commonly used in the diagnosis of Cushing's disease today. It will not distinguish between the two types of hyperadrenocorticism, but it may aid in the diagnosis in difficult cases. It is also used to evaluate the effectiveness of therapy. </span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">3. High dose dexamethasone test (HDDT)</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Once a dog has been diagnosed as Cushing disease, this test can be used to differentiate between forms of Cushing's. Similar to the low dose dex test, a fasted dog has a baseline blood sample taken in the morning. The dog is then given a large dose of dexamethasone. Blood samples are taken 4 hours and 8 hours later. A dog with an adrenal tumor will not suppress at all. His adrenal tumor simply doesn't "care" about the level of blood cortisol; it keeps pumping out cortisol. A dog with a pituitary tumor still has some limited ability to respond to feedback and thus should respond to a high dose of dexamethasone with a suppressed cortisol level. Approximately 15%-20% of dogs with pituitary tumors will not suppress on a high dose dexa test; these dogs generally have large macroadenomas.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Treatment</b></span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Treatment depends on the type of Cushing's disease, as well as on the overall health of the canine patient. As many dogs with Cushing's are elderly and may have concurrent health problems, treatment can be complicated. </span><span style="background-color: white;">This is a serious illness for which there is no known cure. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Dogs require life long treatment. </span><span style="background-color: white;">Monitoring is required through periodic blood tests.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Cushing's is very rare in cats and is usually the result of insulin resistance in a cat with </span><span style="background-color: white;">Diabetes</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;">Mellitus</span><span style="background-color: white;">. Diagnosis is similar to the dog and treatment is usually surgical removal of the adrenal glands. Medical therapy is usually not effective in cats.</span></div>
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Mitotane (Lysodrane)<br /><ul>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Selectively destroys glucocorticoids secreating cells in adrenal cortex</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Initial dose: 40-50mg/kg bid until both basal and post ACTH cortisol level are in ideal range.</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Maintain therapy with 50mg/kg/week</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Monitor the cortisol level by using ACTH test</span><span style="background-color: white;"> </span><span style="background-color: white;"> If cortisol level is <1µg/dL, stop mitotane and administer prednisolone (0.1mg/kg)</span></li>
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Ketoconazole (oral antifungal)</div>
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<li><span style="background-color: white;">Inhibits enzymes responsible for cortisol synthesis </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Administer 10-20 mg/kg q12h </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Monitor the cortisol level by using ACTH test </span></li>
<li><span style="background-color: white;">Side effect: Vomitting, diarrhea, lethargy </span></li>
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Trilostane</div>
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Trilostane is a newer treatment that is used to treat some dogs with Cushing's disease. It is more expensive, but may be an alternative treatment for dogs with adrenal tumors. As with Lysodren, the dog is reexamined repeatedly during the initial phase of treatment, and ACTH stimulation tests are performed. In many cases, after several months of therapy the dose needs to be increased.</div>
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<br />**Cushing’ disease may predispose the animal with diabetes mellitus due to high glucose in the blood. If this occurs, treatment for diabetes should be initiated. </div>
<br />Surgery<div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">If Cushing's disease is caused by an adrenal tumor, the logical approach is to surgically remove the tumor and the affected adrenal gland. These tumors tend not to recur on the remaining adrenal gland. In theory, this can cure adrenal-based Cushing's disease, and prognosis is very good for dogs with benign adrenal tumors. Dogs may be treated with ketoconazole prior to surgery to try to minimize the symptoms of Cushing's disease, as one significant symptom of Cushing's is delayed wound healing. There are high risks associated with adrenalectomies, and given that patients are often elderly dogs, this may deter an owner from pursuing this treatment route. 50% of adrenal tumors are malignant and may have already metastasized to liver or lungs by the time they are discovered. Most owners opt for non-surgical treatment.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;"><b>Prognosis</b></span></div>
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Guarded: The average life span with medical treatment is about 2 years, although longer survival is possible. <span style="background-color: white;">Glucocorticoids reduce inflammation and suppress the immune system and predispose to other ailments such as Diabetes Mellitus, urinary tract infection, kidney disease, hypertension and pancreatitis.</span></div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">Sources: Mercks Veterinary Manual 10th ed, </span>http://www.kateconnick.com/library/cushingsdisease.html, Pet care suite 101: Cushing's disease in a dog</div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-87119951897758984642012-06-20T08:37:00.000-07:002012-06-20T08:37:24.927-07:00Lymphatic systemIt's been a while. I know. Cant get away with unnecessary things.<br />
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Before we start revising on LS, let us recall some of important related terms on this subject</div>
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Lymphadenopathy: Disease of lymph glands</div>
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Lymphangitis: Inflammation of lymph vessels</div>
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Splenomegaly: Splenic enlargement</div>
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Lymphocyte: Lymphatic cells</div>
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Tonsillectomy: Surgical removal of lymph node</div>
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Lymphoid: Lymph</div>
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<b>Lymphatic anatomy and physiology</b></div>
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LS is composed of the tonsils, spleen, thymus, numerous glands, vessels, and cells that provide the body with immunity and destroy pathogens. LS also important for the constant transport of fluid (lymph) from the interstitial spaces to the general circulating blood</div>
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Tonsils</div>
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Tonsils are made up of lymphoid tissue but are not referred as lymph node. 2 tonsils are located in the throat (each side) near the base of the tongue. Th<b>ey </b>are hidden within tonsillar crypts in the throat. Therefore during physical examination of a normal patient, tonsils may not be visible (unless a disease process is present to create tonsillitis).</div>
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" 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Normal healthy tonsil</div>
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(couldnt found animal picture though)</div>
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Spleen</div>
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Spleen is large, tongue-shaped organ located in the left craniodorsal abdominal cavity closely associated with the stomach and protected by the caudal rib cage. On the routine physical examination, the speen is not palpable unless splenomegaly exists. Spleen is very important for filtration of the blood It also serves as a very important storage area for red blood cells. During times of hemorrhage or increased need for greater oxygen transport in the body, the spleen will eject some of its stired blood back into circulation.</div>
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Thymus</div>
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Thymus is a glandular lymphoid organ located in the mediastinum of the cranioventral thoracic cavity. Thymus is extremely important for maturation of specialized lymphocytes for the production of immunoglobulins (antibodies).The thymus is quite large in young, developing animals. As the animal age, the size and function of the thymus diminish. Consequently, the immune capabilities of a very young and of geriatric animals is compromised. The very young have not yet produced sufficient amounts of immunoglobulins, and geriatric animals no longer have the capacity to maintain sufficient antibody levels. This leaves these patients very susceptible to disease.</div>
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<span style="background-color: white;">The location of the thymus gland differs in different animals. In mammals is located around the trachea at the level of the heart. Lying beneath the sternum (breastbone) and above the treachea (windpipe) and heart which is a small the two-lobed gland; each lobe is made up of LYMPHATIC tissue just behind the breastbone, and the soft, gelatinous tissue of the marrow deep within our long bones. In these primary lymphoid organs, lymphocytes grow and develop"In addition to the heart, the space between the lungs (mediastinum) contains the trachea, esophagus, thymus, large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves. In newborn animal, the gland is small and grows with the animal until the onset of puberty then become small again.</span></div>
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<img src="http://files.myopera.com/khabat/albums/423528/thumbs/Thymus_Gland.jpg_thumb.jpg" />
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Position of thymus</div>
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Lymph nodes and vessels</div>
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Lymph glands (lymph nodes) are located throughout the body. The peripheral lymph nodes that are clinically important for physical examinations in small animals are axillary lymph nodes, the precapular lymph nodes, the mandibular lymph nodes, the cervical lymph nodes, the popliteal lymph nodes and superficial inguinal lymph nodes. The mandibular, prescapular and popliteal lymph nodes should alwyas be palpated during PE of small animal patient. Retropharyngeal lymph nodes cannot be palpated. Lymph nodes are small, glandular structures that are partly responsible for the production of lymphocytes. Connected by network of lymphatic vessels, the lymph nodes are responsible for filtration of lymphatic fluid. Lymphatic fluid does not flow in response to pressure within lymphatic system. Lymphatic fluid is passively absorbed from the interstitium into the lymphatic vessels. One way valves keep the fluid flowing in one direction. Most pf the lymphatic fluid of the body wil enter the bloodstream via the thoracic duct. Generally, lymphatic fluid is transparent, colorless, watery substance.</div>
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" 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Position of lymph nodes in a dog</div>
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<b>Significant functions of LS</b></div>
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<b>Edema</b></div>
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Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid is clinically referred to as edema. If the lymphatic system is diseased in some way, it may not be able to accommodate the routine production and flow of the interstitial fluid. Absorption of fluid into the lymphatic vessels may be impaired because of obstruction. Many other mechanisms may contribute to edema formation. Some of those mechanisms include lymohatic disease, changes in osmotic pressure (hypoprotaenemia) changes in hydrostatic pressure and inflammation due to tissue trauma.</div>
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<b>Inflammation</b></div>
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The edematous fluid serves to dilute cytotoxic agents as well as provide some protective cushioning of the area upon inflammation due to leaking of fluid from the vessles excessively into the interstitium.</div>
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<b>Immunity</b></div>
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Immunogenic responses</div>
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Source: Veterinary Medical terminology 2nd ed D.E Christenson saunders elsevier</div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-54854276499770464612012-06-07T19:42:00.000-07:002012-06-07T19:42:19.802-07:00Hey people!!! I know its been ages away, I got many things to do and now HOLIDAYS! probably only for a while but only GOD knows i much i need this holidays after my final exam ended! LOL<br />
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I'll update some articles later and dont forget to catch it up ok? bye2..</div>
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ps: I'm moving into 4th year! How good that be? :p</div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-65948768103181742702012-05-06T03:11:00.000-07:002012-05-06T03:16:49.455-07:00Phimosis and paraphimosisTomorrow will be our 3rd surgery test.<br />
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Hahahaha</div>
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<b>Phimosis</b></div>
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Phimosis is the stenosis of the preputial orifice prevents extension of the penis. The defect is likely to be a sequela to an injury that results in cicatrix (scarring) formation, but may be rarely congenital. Tumor such as melanoma or squamous cell carcinoma) or <i>Habronema</i> granulomas may encroach on the preputial cavity, thereby preventing extension.</div>
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Penis cannot be extruded from the prepuce</div>
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Congenital phimosis in a cat</div>
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Usually, the problem is unnoticed until the dog attempts to mate and is unable to copulate. Diagnosis is established by physical examination of the prepuce and penis. Treatment depends on severity of the stenosis and intended use of the dog. If the dog is not used for breeding, therapy probably is not needed, although castration should be considered to prevent arousal. Surgical enlargement of the preputial orifice is indicated if the animal is to be used for breeding, if the phimosis contributes to balanoposthitis, or in the unlikely event that phimosis interferes with normal micturition.</div>
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What to Watch For<br />
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<li>Unsuccessful attempts to copulate</li>
<li>Inability to urinate with pooling of urine in the preputial cavity</li>
<li>Dribbling urine</li>
<li>Excessive licking of an exteriorized penis</li>
<li>Necrosis/trauma of the penis and obstruction of urine flow</li>
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<b>Clinical signs and ddx</b></div>
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Acute posthitis (inflammation of penis) often accompanies injuries to the prepuce of infections such as equine coital exanthema and dourine. Edema is common particularly after trauma. Gravitational effects typically worsen the edema which may include prolapse of the external prepuce, trapping the penis in the swollen internal prepuce with a constricting preputial ring. Cicatrix scar formation may follow narrowing the diameter of the preputial orifice.</div>
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Preputial edema can be relieved by diuretics and exercise.Application of crushed ice in plastic bag or preputial immersion in cold water may reduce inflammatory edema if performed soon after injury. Systemic antibitotics and NSAID are indicated to control 2nd bacterial infection and inflammation. Sexual rest is indicated until lesions are healed.</div>
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Preputiotomy may be necessary to enlarged the opening sufficiently to permit penile extension. In cases of habronemiasis, treatment with insecticide or ivermectin may be indicated to kill remaining parasitic larvae. Congenital abnormalies can seldom be corrected surgically.</div>
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<b>Paraphimosis</b></div>
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The inability to completely retract the penis into the preputial cavity usually occurs after erection. It is seen most often after semen collection or coitus. The skin at the preputial orifice becomes inverted, trapping the extruded penis and impairing venous drainage. Other causes of paraphimosis include mild phimosis, foreign objects around the penis, a constricting band of hair at the preputial orifice, or trauma. Paraphimosis is easily differentiated from priapism, congenitally shortened prepuce, congenital deformity of the os penis, or paralysis of the retractor penis muscles on the basis of physical examination and palpation.</div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgbVTrhF4SkR3_UONwlU7HAOTaDZcDUZYlhc48na3BHlQ2z5E7EEIUm8NPefdQD1018JdH6xSI8maaZk14ZTbGdGYt2mzBX7kY0W_Cj6kni3NeVq1nOKDYNJWu2SS_BbmNmXJA5avQJmD0/s400/Picture+001.jpg" />
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Paraphimosis</div>
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<b>Clinical signs and ddx</b></div>
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Penile paralysis in horses due to exhausted or debilitated horses. Traumatic inflammatory edema often results in severe swelling or preputial membranes that prevents retraction of penis into the prepuce.</div>
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<b>Treatment </b></div>
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Requires immediate treatment. Sedation is sometimes required to provide therapy. The penis is examined and any restricting hairs are removed. Swelling is minimized with cool water soaks and or "dextrose" solutions. The penis is cleaned and lubricated and replaced in the prepuce. The goal is replacement of the penis to normal position. We can apply lubricant and push it back into the prepuce. A urinary catheter may be necessary to ensure the passage of urine.Amputation may be required in certain cases.</div>
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Sources: Merks veterinary manual 10th ed, paraphimosis and phimosis petplace.com, Infertility caused b diseases of the penis and prepuce, large animal internal medicine, Bradford Smith</div>
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<b><br /></b></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-21868583325116714712012-04-27T02:51:00.002-07:002012-04-27T02:51:31.136-07:00Toy breed dogs<div style="text-align: justify;">
I am not good in recognizing breeds of dog. I'm not a dog person so only few breeds I can remember. I've tried so hard to remember many breeds of dog and managed to install dogs breed in my tablet and force myself to memorize at least 1 breed per night. Alhamdulillah, making a good progress on it :)</div>
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Toy breeds (small breed of dog for petting purposes)</div>
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<img src="http://img.webme.com/pic/f/feriacanina/affenspincher.jpg" />
</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Affenspincher</div>
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<img src="http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/images18/BeiwerForeverEverMyInsatiableLove.jpg" /></div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
Biewer terrier</div>
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<br /></div>
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<img src="https://encrypted-tbn0.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR5TP5UwO9fZkcG8aBlylXriGXGvl7KwHdGrCbIIjXCmcXyuOFL" />
</div>
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Brussels griffon</div>
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<img src="http://www.lochlomondcavaliers.com/paddington.jpg" />
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Cavalier King Charles Spaniel</div>
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<img src="http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/images18/ChihuahuaViansBigMacAttackMac3.JPG" />
</div>
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Chihuahua</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/images/chinesecrestedstand21.jpg" /></div>
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<br /></div>
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China crested</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://dog-photos.net/wp-content/uploads/2011/11/English-Toy-Spaniel-breed.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
English toy spaniel</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.elfinhavanasilkdogs.com/images/280_MaxStackC8-052208.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Havana silk dog</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
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<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzx4WWEYE4kO1Fo78awTuBQ5CUFN32jb2CqsytaWTPAq_uanUcnCaoir9bfQmpjLNIOLJlIGo-AF8uo97a73l1cH39c0g8PpqvQidoOENHgx028PlPGkeU-Tlc4bSh7tcHvlst7hYHlqc/s400/havanese.JPG" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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Havanese</div>
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<img src="http://www.dogfamily.org/images/italian-greyhound-3.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Italian grehound</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/images14/japanesechinphotosRhineRiver069.JPG" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Japanese Chin</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.dogsindepth.com/toy_dog_breeds/images/maltese_h03.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Maltese</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.i-love-dogs.com/images/breeds/Miniature-Pinscher.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Miniature pinscher</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://newspaper.li/static/2d8fa35a852ea3d184487a6aa4db7dc2.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Papillon</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/images19/PekingeseSissiePrincess11YearsOld1.JPG" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Pekingnese</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.dogsindepth.com/toy_dog_breeds/images/pomeranian_h01.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Pomerianian</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://excelltoypoodles.com/images/photos_dolly.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Poodle toy</div>
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<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.pugrescuevic.com.au/pug.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Pug</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTZFGsamAqWlpL2ni5r9XNQf3C7S-tTP1JoelycNoTHxtDHc9ecwA" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Shih tzu</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.dogbreedinfo.com/images/silkyterrierstand.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Silky terrier</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="http://www.fordogtrainers.com/ProductImages/dog-breeds-muzzles/Toy-Fox-Terrier-muzzle-Toy-Fox-Terrier.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Toy fox terrier</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgb3EfaNQIq9a2LgQ8gH6hdxSFFJlyZoVaWWEsJ1V_5xyQMDqxWsLbRKF4gmiYwxz-W7jreXKdhC5GOajeghZ6oIna_4SBag37ZRXGx8XYtLErDLdI80ZDlv9jGSbL0K4FymwHccRcX6TfK/s400/Yorkshire+Terrier.jpg" />
</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
Yorkshire Terrier</div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Now how you would tell to differentiate them?</div>
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<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
Sources: Toy group dog petwave.com</div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com3tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-6354243673490419522012-04-17T03:52:00.003-07:002012-04-20T01:02:25.030-07:00Foot and Mouth disease (FMD)<div style="text-align: center;"><span ><u><br /></u></span></div><div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">I attended a clinical case few days ago. It was supposed to be our avian round but we received an emergency call from a vet whom asked our lecturer to look on the case at the quarantine center Rantau Panjang.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">I was thrilled to find out that it was about FMD! So far I have never seen FMD case alive and today was our gold pot. </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">*************************************************</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiGlX5Py7fY6c0JYZ41ARXbZdysr8P2WhyzYskH4MGrh7Ap7HxRQzJYmARa4vKVtUx08urnHznorrT-4DEgtxcijebihqC-Q-yj9NIcoZ3rq_9uaI-PCeYsiEIz-7qT6CXDbd8X6Vl99w8/s400/20120417_114058.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">On the farm..</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">**Malaysia is one of the FMD countries</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="font-size: 100%; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe, highly communicable and economically devastating viral disease of cattle and swine. It also affects sheep, goats, deer, and other clovenhoof ruminants. Many affected animals recover, but the disease leaves them debilitated. FMD causes severe losses in the production of meat and milk. The disease does not effect food safety or humans. Other susceptible species include hedgehogs, nutria, rats, armadillos, elephants, capybaras, and mice. FMD is not recognized as a zoonotic disease.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><br /><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The disease is characterized by fever and blisterlike lesions followed by erosions on the tongue and lips, in the mouth, on the teats, and between the hooves. Because it spreads widely and rapidly and because it has grave economic as well as clinical consequences, FMD is one of the animal diseases that livestock owner dread most.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRdL25NrIMobtbNqiKtFZ8HRUjOkSwNRtuByDaBClWfowfFxL7p" /> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; ">Cattle is the most susceptible to FMD</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Etiology</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b><br /></b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The FMD disease is caused by a virus. The FMD virus (FMDv) is a member of the genus Apthovirus in the family Picornaviridae. The virion is a small (23-nm) single-stranded RNA virus. The virus survives in lymph nodes and bone marrow at neutral pH, but destroyed in muscle when in pH<6.0 i.e. after rigor mortis. The virus can persist in contaminated fodder and the environment for up to one month, depending on the temperature and pH conditions. There are seven serotypes of FMD virus, O, A, C, Asia 1, SAT 1, SAT 2 and SAT 3, distributed throughout the world and many subtypes of the FMD virus. Immunity to one type does not protect an animal against other types.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Serotype O is the most widely distributed, being endemic in many South American, African and Asian countries, affecting all susceptible species. <span style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Certain strains of serotype O appear particularly adapted to a particular host species. Within serotype O there are groups of strains (genotypes) that are associated with particular areas of distribution, and species preference.</span></div></span></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br /><div></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">FMDV can infect most or all members of the order Artiodactyla (cloven-hooved </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">mammals), as well as a few species in other orders. Each species varies in its </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">susceptibility to infection and clinical disease, as well as its ability to transmit the </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">virus to other animals. Livestock susceptible to FMD include cattle, pigs, sheep, </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">goats, water buffalo and reindeer. Lllamas, alpacas and camels can be infected </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">experimentally, but do not appear to be very susceptible. FMDV can also infect at </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">least 70 species of wild animals including African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), bison </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">(Bison spp.), elk, moose, chamois, giraffes, wildebeest, blackbuck, warthogs, kudu, </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">impala, and several species of deer, antelopes and gazelles. Susceptible non clovenhooved species include hedgehogs, armadillos, kangaroos, nutrias, capybaras, guinea </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">pigs, rats and mice. Infections have been reported in African and Asian elephants in </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">zoos; however, African elephants are not considered susceptible to FMD under </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">natural conditions in southern Africa.</span></div></span><div><br /></div><div> </div><div></div></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">On most continents, cattle are usually the most important maintenance hosts for </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">FMDV, but some virus strains are primarily found in pigs, sheep or goats. Cattle and </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">African buffalo are the usual maintenance hosts for FMDV in Africa; African buffalo </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">are currently thought to carry only the SAT serotype. With this exception, wildlife </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">hosts do not seem to be able to maintain FMD viruses, and are usually infected by </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">contact with domesticated livestock. Early reports suggested that transmission also </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">occurred between cattle and European hedgehogs, but there is no evidence that this </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">species has helped to propagate FMDV in the last 40 years.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Transmission</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b></b></span></div><span><span><br /></span></span><span><span>FMD viruses can be spread by animals, people, or materials that bring the virus into physical contact with susceptible animals. </span></span>An outbreak can occur when:<div><ul><li>Animals carrying the virus are introduced into susceptible herds.</li><li>Contaminated facilities are used to hold susceptible animals.</li><li>Contaminated vehicles are used to move susceptible animals.</li><li>Raw or improperly cooked garbage containing infected meat or animal products is fed to susceptible animals.</li><li></li><li> People wearing contaminated clothes or footwear,or using contaminated equipment, pass the virus to susceptible animals.</li><li>Susceptible animals are exposed to materials such as hay, feedstuffs, hides, or biologics contaminated with the virus.</li><li>Susceptible animals drink common source contaminated water.</li><li>A susceptible animal is inseminated by semen from an infected animal</li></ul><div><br /></div><span><span>Clinical signs</span></span></div><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div><span><span><div></div></span></span><span><span>Vesicles (blisters) followed by erosions in the mouth or on the feet and the resulting excessive salivation or lameness are the best known signs of the disease. Often blisters may not be observed because they easily rupture, leading to erosions. These signs may appear in affected animals during an FMD outbreak:</span></span></div><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div><ul><li>Marked rise in body temperature for 2 to 3 days.</li><li>Vesicles that rupture and discharge clear or cloudy fluid, leaving raw, eroded areas surrounded by ragged fragments of loose tissue.</li><li>Production of sticky, foamy, stringy saliva.</li><li>Reduced consumption of feed due to painful tongue and mouth lesions.</li><li> Lameness with reluctance to move.</li><li>Abortions.</li><li>Low milk production (dairy cows).</li><li>Myocarditis (inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart) and death, especially in newborn animals. Animals do not normally regain lost weight for many months. Recovered cows seldom produce milk at their former rates, and conception rates may be low.</li></ul><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOeGqb6LPEdwio-gpSTdVh6aFcWySxBjZFbSNnSkuqzsGM5_zgo59b1SnKIil4yY21RrDy5jcPg8UKOvFSZzX2l37E6Fhkd9Uibfl7xFXiYtTGgeOflbPixYI-69JMUYyeYQV_ybdoFsY/s400/20120417_111631.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Hypersalivation</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigBEHw_IsHrkxMvQuqcgieqh1GvzGLNV3Cxgxtnad_S_S2o0qQBUc47u3Opi4facjPHNOG3cnAx5BWmJp5KyAc305Jui6mTj_aUrd7XIOrg0RyCBSeI9C4RLzu3JgcYMkwOUZuK3SzXXs/s400/20120417_111847.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Blister on the coronary band of the hoof </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img 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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Blister on the tongue and mouth</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Diagnosis</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><div></div></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The symptoms of FMD vary with the species, but vesicles and erosions in the oral cavity or on the feet, teats or other areas are suggestive. In cattle, suspicion should be raised by simultaneous <b>salivation and lameness,</b> particularly when a vesicular lesion has been seen or is suspected to exist. Profuse salivation is uncommon in pigs or sheep, where lameness is more typical. Suspect or febrile animals should be examined closely for lesions. When sudden death is observed in young cloven-hooved livestock, older animals should also be examined; young animals that die of heart disease may not have vesicular lesions. Tranquilization may be necessary for a thorough examination as vesicles are painful and may be difficult to see. Laboratory confirmation is necessary, as all vesicular diseases have almost identical clinical signs. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div></div></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">FMD cannot be distinguished clinically from other vesicular diseases including vesicular stomatitis, swine vesicular disease and vesicular exanthema. In domesticated animals, the symptoms may also resemble foot rot, traumatic stomatitis, and chemical and thermal burns. In cattle, oral lesions can resemble rinderpest, infectious </div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, malignant catarrhal fever and epizootic hemorrhagic disease. In sheep, the lesions can be confused with bluetongue, contagious ecthyma, and lip and leg ulceration.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Samples to collect</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div></div></div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">In acute disease, the preferred sample for virus detection is epithelium from unruptured or freshly ruptured vesicles, or vesicular fluid. Sedation is generally advisable before these samples are collected. FMDV is extremely sensitive to low pH, and virus isolation is dependent on good buffering; epithelial samples should be shipped in a transport medium, and kept refrigerated or on ice. If vesicles are not available, blood (serum) and esophageal-pharyngeal fluid samples can be collected for virus isolation or RT-PCR. Esophageal–pharyngeal fluids <span style="text-align: left; ">are taken by probang cup from ruminants, or as throat </span><span style="text-align: left; ">swabs from pigs, and are shipped in transport medium. </span><span style="text-align: left; ">These samples should be refrigerated or frozen </span><span style="text-align: left; ">immediately after collection. Vesicles are the preferred </span><span style="text-align: left; ">sample from animals that died of heart failure, but </span><span style="text-align: left; ">myocardial tissue or blood can be collected if vesicles are </span><span style="text-align: left; ">not present. FMDV may also be found in milk, other </span><span style="text-align: left; ">secretions and excretions, and other organs. Serum should </span><span style="text-align: left; ">be collected for serology. </span><span style="text-align: left; ">In animals suspected to be carriers, esophagealpharyngeal fluids should be collected.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img 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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Probang cup</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Treatment</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">FMD has no treatment</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Prevention and control</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><div></div></b></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">FMD outbreaks are usually controlled by quarantines and movement restrictions, euthanasia of affected and incontact animals, and cleansing and disinfection of affected premises, equipment and vehicles. Effective disinfectants include sodium hydroxide (2%), sodium carbonate (4%), citric acid (0.2%) and Virkon-S®. Iodophores, quaternary ammonium compounds, hypochlorite and phenols are less effective, especially in the presence of organic matter. Infected carcasses must be disposed of safely by incineration, rendering, burial or other techniques. Milk from infected cows can be inactivated by heating to 100°C (212°F) for more than 20 minutes. Slurry can be heated to 67°C (153°F) for three minutes. Rodents and other vectors may be killed to prevent them from mechanically disseminating the virus. Good biosecurity measures should be practiced on </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div>uninfected farms to prevent entry of the virus. </div><div><br /></div><div>Vaccination may be used to reduce the spread of FMDV or protect specific animals (e.g. those in zoological collections) during some outbreaks. The decision to use vaccination is complex, and varies with the scientific, economic, political and societal factors specific to the outbreak. Vaccines are also used in endemic regions to protect animals from clinical disease. FMDV vaccines must closely match the serotype and strain of the infecting strain. Vaccination with one serotype does not protect the animal against other serotypes, and may not protect the animal completely or at all from other strains of the same serotype. Currently, there is no universal FMD vaccine. Vaccine banks contain a wide variety of strains, particularly those judged to be the greatest threat of introduction, for use in an outbreak. </div><div><br /></div><div>Humans are thought to carry FMDV mechanically for a short period of time, based on a study that found this </div><div>virus in the nasal passages of one of eight people 28 hours after they had been exposed to infected animals and none of the eight people at 48 hours. People who have been exposed to infected animals should avoid susceptible livestock for a designated period, usually a few days to a week. Some recent studies suggest that extended avoidance periods may not be necessary if good biosecurity practices, including effective personal hygiene protocols (showering or washing hands, and changing clothing), are followed. The discrepancy between these studies remains to be resolved, and government authorities should be consulted for the most recent waiting period recommendations. </div><div><br /></div></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div><span><span><br />Sources: 'Van Nostrand’s Scientific Encyclopedia. — 10th ed.- edited by Glenn D.Considine, Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, USA, 2008, p. 2057-2059. Adapted and illustrated to be posted by Leopoldo Costa.</span></span></span></div><div><br /></div><div>FMD: the center for food security and public health, Iowa State of university Fiebre Aftosa<br /><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><i style="font-family: Arial, Tahoma, Helvetica, FreeSans, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; line-height: 22px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></i></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div></span><span><span><br /></span></span><div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div></div></div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-301705665342571872012-04-07T19:23:00.004-07:002012-04-07T20:19:34.020-07:00Calico and tortoiseshell (3 colored cats)<span ><span style="font-size: 100%;">I know, I know, its been a while since my last update. My time schedule doesnt gave me any mercy at all. Till then, I am finally free for a week, and this will be a golden time to brush up my precious masterpiece- vet blog</span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">************************************************************</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; ">Ever wonder about the 3 colored cats?</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQFiyr6yHmfCD23-3RfDcKpEt9zUj9Up5Vr_u1SY8MBgAG6-qKz" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">Calico (with white patch)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn2.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTsF4jTzBCX3YBtgsdoYxiGzo0FUUVrqtHV6tI9mjufFqNk_v_foA" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">Tortoiseshell (no white patch)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: verdana; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-weight: normal; font-size: 100%; ">What is a calico cat? A calico cat is not a breed of cat, it is a color pattern. To be called "calico", three colors must be present: black, white and orange. Variations of these colors include gray, cream and ginger. A "true" calico cat has large blocks of these three colors, a "tortoise shell" or "tortie" cat has a mix of these three colors (blended/swirled together more than distinct blocks of color). </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Because of the way tortoiseshell is inherited, <b>almost all tortoiseshell and calico cats are female. </b>The very few male tortoiseshell cats are caused by genetic aberration or development abnormalities in the foetus.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">How tortoiseshell pattern occur?</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><img 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" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTqIH1j4IkTLGXxA5uasXZJLzb_4evgSUDc0C7Cd4g2cZvfsztZcw" style="text-align: left; " /></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: -webkit-auto; font-size: small; "></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The ginger colour of cats (known as "yellow", "orange" or "red" to cat breeders) is caused by the "O" gene. The O gene changes black pigment into a reddish pigment. The O gene is carried on the X chromosome. A normal male cat has XY genetic makeup; he only needs to inherit one O gene for him to be a ginger cat. A normal female is XX genetic makeup. She must<b> inherit two O genes</b> to be a ginger cat. If she inherits only one O gene, she will be tortoiseshell. The O gene is called a sex-linked gene because it is carried on a sex chromosome. Tortoiseshell cats are therefore heterozygous (not true-breeding) for red colour. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The formation of red and black patches in a female with only one O gene is through a process known as X-chromosome inactivation. <b>Some cells randomly activate the O gene while others activate the gene in the equivalent place on the other X chromosome.</b> This only shows up visibly in skin cells as these produce pigment. This occurs early on in the embryo and as skin cells multiply, they form patches.<b> The skin is a mosaic of cells where some have the O gene active (making ginger pigment) and some do not (making black pigment).</b> This can only happen in cats with two X chromosomes. Male cats only inherit one X chromosome so this is active in all skin cells as there is nothing equivalent on the Y chromosome which could "switch off" the O gene.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: -webkit-auto; font-size: small; "></p><p style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: -webkit-auto; font-size: small; "></p></div><div style="text-align: justify;">There are two main theories regarding brindled torties and patched torties. One (the "early/late deactivation theory") suggests that the time at which X chromosome deactivation occurs during foetal growth determines whether the cat has well defined patches or is brindled with intermixed black and orange hairs. Skin cells multiply during growth and spread out across the skin; as the embryo grows the skin cells multiply.<b> If deactivation occurs early on each pigment cell has room to multiply into, a "red" cell will multiply into more red cells while a "black" cell will give rise to patches of black.</b> If it occurs later, the patches are smaller as the cells have less room to multiply into; some "patches" will be no larger than a single hair! All "red" cats are red tabbies - where there are large red patches, the tabby pattern will usually be discernible.</div><span><div><span><br /></span></div></span><span style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: -webkit-auto; font-size: small; "><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; ">The other theory regarding brindling and patching (the "migration theory") is that brindled torties occur when there are more pigment producing cells produced from the neural crest (which becomes the back and spine area). The cells are assumed to have undergone X chromosome deactivation before migration. The migrating cells carry either O (red) or o (black) and they migrate at the same rate into their final positions. Where there are many pigment producing cells, there is more competition and they become intermingled. Where there are fewer pigment producing cells, each cell has room to grow into patches of colour (imagine plants forming clumps in a flower border).</span></div></span><span><span> </span></span><div><br /></div><div><span></span>Tortoiseshell-white (calico pattern)</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS5r9qBU3adGGm1jXkZqS_a9eenA2ffVatQVIzcDSIoT5BY2fniag" /> <img src="https://encrypted-tbn3.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcR4bvgfXsKPeFujX1ELxljrNxa3V8wgLRlZN2hCBfzjxI-DiSlnHg" /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Calico cats</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">The white patches in tortie-and-white (tricolour, calico) cats is caused by the piebald spotting gene. T</span><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; ">his is a semi-dominant gene with very variable expression ranging from nearly all white to nearly all coloured with only a few white hairs. The gene affects the embryo cells which will become pigment-producing skin cells. These cells are initially formed along the "neural crest" - the embryo's backbone area - and migrate to all over the body during formation of the skin. Where these pigment producing cells fail to get in position before the skin is fully formed, there will be areas of skin which lack pigment producing cells i.e. white areas. White areas are usually the areas furthest from the cat's backbone - paws, belly, chest and chin - these areas take longest to reach.</span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: -webkit-auto; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana; font-size: small; ">One effect of white spotting in tortoiseshell cats is to change the pattern from brindled to patched. Tortie cats with little or no white tend to have <b>brindled coats.</b> However, the more white there is, the more the black and white will also be separated out into patches instead of being intermingled. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="font-family: Verdana; text-align: -webkit-auto; font-size: small; "></p></div><div style="text-align: justify;">In the developing embryo, the pigment forming cells migrate from the neural crest. If the "migration theory" is right, cells which activate O (red) and those which activate o (black) appear to migrate at the same speed, leading to a brindled pattern. <b>If the embryos also inherit the gene for white spotting, the fur develops as patches of colour.</b> The bigger the white areas, the bigger the and better defined the separate patches of black and red. <b>The presence of the white spotting means fewer pigment producing cells and less competition between them as they migrate into position.</b> One or two cells reach an area and these multiply in situ to form a patch of colour (a clonal patch).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">This is basic tri-color variation in cats. To understand more please visit </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.messybeast.com/tricolours.htm">http://www.messybeast.com/tricolours.htm</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><i style="color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; ">A dog once said "This person is so kind to me and feed me, he must be a God"</span></div></i><div style="color: rgb(76, 76, 76); font-family: Georgia, Times, serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><div style="text-align: center; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-style: italic; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: small; ">but a cat said "This person is so kind to me and feed me, I must be a God"</span></span></div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><br /><br /><br /></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-76405207130876260462012-03-22T05:38:00.004-07:002012-03-22T11:33:49.316-07:00Canine Parvovirus<span><span style="font-size: 100%;">Got to beat the time!</span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">****************************************************************</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT-wx6CarmgoKJt9NgZjI7bEM0BeCDce8gURPbdfa431zixtw4q4BpLH8OJ" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; ">An infected dog with parvovirus</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "></div><br /><br /><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Canine parvovirus, or just “parvo”, is a contagious virus which affects dogs. Coming to light around the 1970s, it usually manifests itself in two different ways:<b> instestinal and cardiac</b>. A dog with the intestinal form will usually show symptoms like <b>vomiting and bloody diarrhea.</b> Dogs with the cardiac form might experience respiratory and cardiovascular problems. The disease is most serious in puppies, for which an untreated parvovirus has about a 90% mortality rate if it is not treated, however with treatment, the survival rate is over 80 percent.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Parvovirus is contagious to dogs only—not to cats or people. Any <b>age, breed, or sex of dog could be affected</b> by parvovirus. However, infection with parvovirus does not automatically mean illness. Several factors such as age, environment, stress, parasites, and general health status of each individual dog infected could affect the severity of the disease. The degree of illness could range from very mild to unapparent to very severe, often resulting in death. </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Parvovirus is resistant to extremes of temperature (i.e., it survives freezing and extreme heat) and is unharmed by detergents, alcohol, and common disinfectants. Direct transmission occurs when an infected dog comes in contact with a healthy dog. The virus is found in heavy concentration in the infected dog’s stool. Because dogs will usually sniff where another dog has eliminated, this fecal-oral transmission is the most common method of transmission. The virus particles can be easily spread by hands, shoes, clothing, or other inanimate objects (fomites)—this is an indirect source of transmission.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.televets.com/upload/images/articles/299x220/ti3fuq-2-95.jpg" alt="Canine Parvovirus (Parvo)" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Aetiology</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The disease is caused by a highly contagious virus that is transmitted mostly by dogs orally contacting infected feces. Being a virus, they contain only DNA or RNA, and are not capable of reproducing unless they invade a cell. Once inside the cell they take over and force the cell to produce so many new virus particles that the cell eventually bursts, releasing these new virus particles into the bloodstream and tissues so they can invade other cells. The only thing that can stop this is the immune system.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.lbah.com/images/canine/Parvo/emparvo.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Canine parvovirus seen under the electron microscope</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><p align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p></div></span><span><span>The virus has 3 basic strains:</span></span></span></span></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><span><span><span>1. CVP2 which was the first one found in 1978</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><span><span><span>2. CVP2a came on the scene in the early 80's</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><span><span><span>3. The strain most prevalent today is CVP2b</span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></span></span></div><div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Eventually a new strain will appear because the virus will adapt to the immune system of dogs.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The parvovirus can longer in the environment for many months, allowing it to affect other dogs. It can withstand common household disinfectants (except bleach) and can withstand freezing winter temperatures. It can be spread on the hair and feet of dogs, in addition to shoes, clothes, and eating utensils.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">As many as 30 billion parvovirus particles can be shed from the intestines of an infected dog in every ounce of stool. The highest concentration of virus in the stool is seen when the infected dog is showing signs of illness. A dog can, however, be a source of infection to other dogs without it having observable signs of illness (the disease may be incubating). Transmission can occur for at least 3 weeks after a dog becomes infected with the virus. Chronic “carriers” are not known to exist as in other viral diseases. Parvovirus in the environment can infect susceptible dogs for as long as 6 months once shed in the stool.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b>Pathophysiology</b></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><b></b></span></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Parvovirus has a predilection for rapidly dividing cells (similar to cancer). The rapidly dividing cells in a dog are the intestines, bone marrow, and the immune system. When the virus infects these areas the lining of the intestine literally dies, the bone marrow cannot make red or white blood cells in adequate quantity, and the immune system can become impaired.</span></div></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><p align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p><p align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p><span><span>Initially the virus replicates in the tonsils (which are lymph nodes) after oral ingestion. The virus rapidly multiplies and enters the bloodstream within a few days. From here it spreads to those parts of the body that contain rapidly dividing cells as mentioned above.</span></span><p align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p><span><span>The main cause of death in parvo infected dogs is septicemia. Poisons from bacteria that are attacking the susceptible lining of the intestines release toxins into the bloodstream. These toxins add to the complications of a puppy that is dehydrated from vomiting, diarrhea and not eating, is hypoglycemic from not eating, and has electrolyte imbalances from vomiting and not eating. The bodies immune system becomes overwhelmed and death ensues if treatment is not instituted early and aggressive enough. Even if toxins are not released by bacteria, the dehydration and electrolyte imbalance that occurs can lead to shock and eventual death.</span></span><p align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p><p align="justify" style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">**In actuality, whether a pup recovers from the virus depends on a race between parvovirus particles causing septicemia and dehydration, and the immu</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">ne system's ability to neutralize the virus. Fortunately, for most pups that get medical care, the good guys win the race.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><b>Signs and symptoms</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><b></b></div><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><br />Viral shedding in the feces begins <b>3-4 days after infection</b> and peaks when clinical signs appear.</span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: verdana, arial, geneva, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-indent: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The majority of dogs presented with parvovirus show signs of <b>fever, lethargy, vomiting, diarrhea, and lack of appetite.</b> In severe cases the diarrhea is<b> very watery and frequently bloody, with a telltale odor.</b> They are very<b> ill, with significant abdominal pain.</b> The virus is so strong that it literally causes the lining of the intestines to slough. It is painful to eat, and with the severe diarrhea and vomiting that is present, they rapidly become dehydrated. The also have a disruption in their electrolytes (sodium, potassium, chlorine) that adds to the weakness.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">In the peracute form of this disease the virus attacks the heart and causes rapid death. Fortunately, it is rare to encounter this nowadays.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img src="https://encrypted-tbn1.google.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSvEtyhJ1ZVs2cedTxJT5BphQ0WM1VVqfTfGAhyhBl76wpiWlmDVQ" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Severely infected dog with CPV</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b>Diagnosis</b></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left; "><ul><li><span>Parvovirus test kit ( ELISA test kit)</span></li><li><span>Complete blood count</span></li><li><span>Serum biochemistry</span></li></ul><div><span></span></div></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">The ELISA may be positive on the first day of clinical signs and for 3-4 more days. The ELISA may be false negative if run too early in the disease course; it should be repeated if the history and clinical signs support the likely presence of the virus. Leukopenia or lymphopenia is seen in most infected dogs during the course of illness. Neutropenia is suggestive of the disease. Hypoalbuminemia, hyponatremia, hypokalemia, and hypochloremia may be seen. Serum ALT levels are increased in some dogs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> Diagnosis may also be confirmed by a 4-fold increase in serum IgG titer over 7-14 days, detection of serum IgM antibody to parvovirus in dogs that have not been vaccinated within the last 3-4 wk, or the detection of parvovirus particles in the feces using immunofluorescence, immunoperoxidase staining, or electron microscopy. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Parvovirus test kit. Positive infection shows 2 band while negative infection shows only 1 band appeared </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></b></div></span></span><span><span>Can a dog test positive to parvo and not have parvo?</span></span></div><div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Yes: these results are termed false positive results. It tends to occur when animals are tested that have been vaccinated 4-14 days beforehand. When an animal is vaccinated with a live vaccine parvovirus, this vaccine parvovirus replicates in the cells of the dog's intestines, similar to that which occurs in real parvo infection (the vaccine virus just doesn't cause obvious disease). Replicated vaccine virus particles (whose antigens mimic those of the real virus) enter the feces and will be detected as a positive on the parvo ELISA test. Thus, an animal that is vaccinated and protected against parvo will appear to have been infected with the disease. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></b></div></span></span><span><span>Can a dog test negative for parvo and have the disease? </span></span></div><div><span><span><br />Yes: These results are termed false negative results. They tend to occur for two main reasons:<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">- the disease process is very early. It takes time (about 4 days) for virus particles to replicate and to start shedding into the feces where they can be detected on parvo testing kits. </div></span></span></div><div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">- the antibody response of the animal is very high. This tends to occur later in disease. If an animal does not die, infection with parvo will eventually result in a response from the immune system: the immune system will mobilise defensive cells and produce antibodies to try to kill the virus. Many of these antibodies will remain in the bloodstream, but many will also be secreted into the intestinal tract (antibodies are one of the proteins that leak into the gut through the inflamed, ulcerated zones). These antibodies will bind to viral antigens in the feces and this can 'block' the antibodies in the parvo test kit from getting exposure to them. The result is a false negative. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Treatment</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Treatment is aimed at maintaining the normal body composition and preventing secondary bacterial infection!!</b></div></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><br />There is no specific therapy to eliminate the virus. Most dogs recover with appropriate supportive care directed to restoration of fluid balance. Oral electrolyte solutions may be used in mildly dehydrated dogs without a history of vomiting. More severely affected dogs should receive IV fluid therapy (lactated Ringer’s and 5% dextrose with additional potassium chloride [10-20 mEq/L]) to counter dehydration and maintain fluid balance. Monitoring of electrolyte changes is advisable. Most dogs that survive the first 2-3 days of disease recover. Persistent vomiting can be controlled with<b> metoclopramide</b>, 0.2-0.5 mg/kg, PO or SC, qid, or 1-2 mg/kg/day, slow IV).</span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.pet-informed-veterinary-advice-online.com/images/intravenous-fluids-parvo.jpg" alt="Images of intravenous fluids and the electrolyte supplements (potassium, phosphate etc.) used to correct electrolyte abnormalities." /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">IV fluid infusion</div><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">If the protein level becomes low we institute therapy with additional fluids (called colloids) to combat the problem. Dogs that continue to decline in spite of therapy may also need a blood transfusion because they can become anemic and deplete their protein. We will also treat the internal parasites that can be an integral part of this disease. </div><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" width="100%" class="body" style="font-family: verdana, arial, geneva, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td class="para2" style="padding-left: 15px; "><br /><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.pet-informed-veterinary-advice-online.com/images/blood-transfusion-parvo.jpg" alt="Blood products used in canine blood transfusions. Parvo virus in puppies can make them so anemic that they need a blood transfusion." /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Blood tranfusion</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><span class="p" style="text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; line-height: 14px; text-indent: 18px; font-size: 12px;"></span></td></tr></tbody></table><span><span>Routine use of antibiotics is discouraged. More severe cases (eg, dogs with severe blood loss, fever, or loss of intestinal integrity) are predisposed to bacteremia and septicemia. In these cases, a combination of either ampicillin or a first- or second-generation cephalosporin, plus an aminoglycoside or enrofloxacin, provide broad-spectrum coverage.</span></span><span><span>Food and water should be withheld until vomiting has subsided. After this, small amounts of a bland diet (eg, cottage cheese and rice or a commercially available prescription diet) should be offered frequently. A small volume of warm, salted meat broth should be given concurrently. If GI signs recur after feeding, the dog should be fasted for an additional 12-24 hr before feeding again. If food can be tolerated, the bland diet is continued for 7-14 days, after which the dog’s regular diet can be gradually reintroduced.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><br /></span></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.pet-informed-veterinary-advice-online.com/images/antibiotics-for-parvovirus.jpg" alt="Images of some antibiotic products that can be used in canine parvo virus treatment" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Example of antibiotic used </div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Anti-emetic drugs are often used to make puppies feel better (it must be terrible vomiting all the time), to reduce the loss of fluids through repeated vomiting and to get the gut moving again (many work by making the intestines mobile again). They are best given as continuous rate infusions (i.e. given in a constantly-running drip) rather than frequent injections. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Severe ulceration of the gut and abdominal pain is one of the many parvovirus symptoms, which must be managed. Pain relief must be given to these puppies with parvovirus to make them more comfortable. </div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span><span></span></span></p><span><span><br />Generally injectable, opiate drugs (e.g. methadone, fentanyl) are used in these animals to achieve pain control. Oral medications are not kept down. Drugs such as non-steroidals (e.g. carprofen, meloxicam, tolfedine) and corticosteroids (prednisolone, dexamethasone, triamcinolone) are contraindicated in animals with severe, ulcerative intestinal disease.</span></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span><span><br />Because the intestine of these puppies does not move, their stomachs can fill with large amounts of fluid. This bloating and abdominal distension is painful. Simply passing a tube into the puppy's stomach (via the mouth) to release the fluid can relieve this discomfort.</span></span><p style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></p><span><span><br />Skin scalding around the anus of puppies with diarrhea is also very painful. The scalding can be reduced by applying waterproof, soothing creams to the perineal skin (skin around and under the anus). Useful creams include vasoline (petroleum jelly) etc.</span></span></div></span></span><span><span><br />Special precautions are taken when we treat parvo dogs. They are put in a special area so that we can monitor them closely. They are also isolated so that other dogs in the hospital are not exposed to the virus. Staff members that treat them wear disposable gloves and gowns, and clean their shoes in a special chlorine foot bath to prevent hospital contamination of the virus.</span></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Fortunately, most dogs recover with intensive therapy, although there still is an occasional dog that does not. This may be due to a weak immune system that can not produce adequate antibodies, or a particularly strong (virulent) strain of the virus that we encounter occasionally. Dobermans and Rottweilers seem to be especially sensitive to this virus, and have the most difficult time recovering from an infection. </div></span><div><span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Prevention</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Contaminated areas should be thoroughly cleaned. Household bleach (1:30 dilution) or commercial products labeled for use against parvovirus are potent inactivators of the virus. The same solutions may be used as footbaths to disinfect footwear. Disinfection of hands, clothing, and food and water bowls is recommended. Pups should be kept isolated from adult dogs returning from shows or field trials.</div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><table border="0" width="100%" class="body" style="font-family: verdana, arial, geneva, helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><tbody><tr><td class="para2" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5em; padding-left: 15px; "><span class="p" style="text-align: justify; padding-left: 25px; line-height: 14px; text-indent: 18px; "></span></td></tr></tbody></table></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Vaccination is critical in the control of the disease. Variants of the virus have appeared since the disease was first recognized, but current vaccines protect dogs against all strains of the virus. Vaccines containing live attenuated canine parvovirus generally induce more effective immunity than inactivated virus vaccines. The high-titer canine parvovirus vaccines now available effectively protect puppies against viral challenge, even during the period when maternal antibody titers remain high enough to interfere with active immunization but have declined enough to predispose pups to infection. Vaccination of pups should begin at 5-8 wk of age, preferably with a high antigen-density vaccine. The last vaccination should be given at 16-20 wk of age, and annual vaccination thereafter is recommended.</div></span></span></span></div><div><span><span><span><span><br /></span></span></span></span></div><div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.pet-informed-veterinary-advice-online.com/images/parvo-vaccines.jpg" alt="Parvovirus vaccination is a key way in which we prevent parvo virus in dogs and puppies." /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Vaccine against parvovirus</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span style="font-family: Verdana, Geneva, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Puppies that are malnourished and/or which harbour other bacterial and parasitic infections in their intestines are prone to more severe parvo infections. Thus, good nutrition and<b> control of intestinal parasites</b> (worming etc.) and harmful bacteria (Clostridia, Salmonella etc.) are important in preventing and reducing parvo severity. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">For complete article please visit <a href="http://www.pet-informed-veterinary-advice-online.com/canine-parvovirus.html" style="text-align: left; ">http://www.pet-informed-veterinary-advice-online.com/canine-parvovirus.html</a></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: Parvovirus, Long beach Animal Hospital, Canine parvovirus, Pet-informed veterinary advice online, The Merks veterinary manual</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><span><span><span><br /><br /><br /></span></span><br /><br /><br /></span><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; "><span><span><span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span><span></span></span></span> </div></span></span><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-family: Arial, 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 24px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "><span><span></span></span></span> </div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-35300233800584855312012-03-10T05:51:00.006-08:002012-03-10T06:54:46.912-08:00Tetralogy of fallot (ToF)<div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">I have been out all weekends; to classes, clinics, farms and studying for tests. So far I have encountered many interesting cases that I thought it will be nice to share with you dear readers.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">In past 2 weeks, I have come into pathology about circulatory system involving heart and vessels. Above all matters what interest me the most is the Tetralogy of fallot of which it is quite rare to happen but it existed in certain breed of dogs. Lets us review.</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: center; "><span style="font-size: 100%; ">********************************************</span></div><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: left; "><b>What is Tetralogy of fallot (ToF)?</b></div><div style="text-align: left; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left; "><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) is one of the most common congenital heart disorders. This condition is classified as a <b>cyanotic heart disorder</b>, because tetralogy of Fallot results in an inadequate flow of blood to the lungs for oxygenation<b> (right-to-left shunt)</b>.Patients with tetralogy of Fallot initially present with cyanosis shortly after birth, thereby attracting early medical attention.</span></div></span></span><div style="text-align: left; "><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span> </div><div style="text-align: left; "><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcSr4zEw44z1sK8C4NmcvJoA5IeUSG0VupToRrV3by471ePiNYj60b89fUIDvT_jbrWiHGnPMFbPPd6nq6SEsvu96mfJ3fx2ff3Onm8MlTwNF15e3P-W39xaHunfX2JClm42Mi08WumRfI/s400/Tetralogy_of_Fallot.png" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Normal heart vs ToF</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Louis Arthur Fallot, after whom the name tetralogy of Fallot is derived, was not the first person to recognize the condition. Stensen first described it in 1672; however, it was Fallot (1888) who first accurately described the clinical and complete pathologic features of the defects. It was detected in human and later were discovered in animal as well.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Tetralogy of fallot (TOF) in dogs is consists of four heart abnormalities that result in insufficiently oxygenated blood being pumped into the dog’s body. It is the most common cyanotic</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">heart disease</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">in dogs. TOF consists of <b>pulmonic stenosis, a ventricular septal defect, ventricular hypertrophy defect, and an overriding aorta </b>(altering position of aorta)<b>.</b> For this there are not so many dog</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">medications</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">options available.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://med.umich.edu/Mott/congenital/images/fallot.gif" alt="fallot" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Features of ToF</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Common dogs breed with ToF</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.completedogsguide.com/images/dog-breeds/largepic/Keeshond5.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Keeshond </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://my-pet-medicine.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/12/English-bulldog-puppy4.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">English bulldog</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Etiology and pathophysiology</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The cause(s) of most congenital heart diseases are unknown, although genetic studies suggest a multifactorial etiology.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: left; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">The hemodynamics of tetralogy of Fallot depend on the degree of right ventricular (RV) outflow tract obstruction (RVOTO). The ventricular septal defect (VSD) is usually nonrestrictive, and the RV and left ventricular (LV) pressures are equalized. If the obstruction is severe, the intracardiac shunt is from <b>right to left</b>, and pulmonary blood flow may be markedly diminished. In this instance, blood flow may depend on the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) or bronchial collaterals.</span><span style="font-size: 100%; "> </span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Clinical signs and symptoms</b></div></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="font-family: arial, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><ul><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Difficulty with feeding</span></li><li>Blue (pale-cynotic)</li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Failure to thrive </span></li><li><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; ">Heart Murmur</span><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; ">– Since this is a congenital heart disorder, the likelihood that the heart will exhibit a murmur is great. The heart will often have a loud murmur due to the fact that the heart chambers will be abnormal in their function and capacities</span><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; "></span><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; "> of blood. The murmur can change over time if the Tetralogy of Fallot does not cause the death of the child early on</span></li><li><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; ">Difficulty in Gaining Weight</span><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; "> </span><span style="text-align: justify; font-size: 100%; ">– Since the body relies on the blood circulation to send and</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">receiv</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">e nutrients throughout the body,animal that survive to may see a reduced gain in weight because the nutrients needed for growth are not as readily available as is in animal that</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">do not have the Tetralogy of Fallot.</span></li><li style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Dyspnea – Shortness of breath, also known as dyspnea, is very possible as the lungs will not be able to get enough blood flow to properly saturate the blood with oxygen. This will create a much more difficult time for those who have Tetralogy of Fallot to breathe correctly.</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div><b>Differential diagnosis</b></div><div><b></b></div></span><span><span><br /><ul><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Aortic Stenosis</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pediatric Apnea</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pediatric Bronchiolitis</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pediatric Foreign Body Ingestion</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pediatric Patent Ductus Arteriosus Surgery</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pediatric Pneumonia</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pneumothorax</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Sickle Cell Anemia</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div><b>Treatment</b></div><div><b></b></div></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"><ul><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Complex surgery can be done to achieve, e.g. systemic to pulmonary shunts (subclavian to pulmonary or Blalock-Taussig, ascending aorta to pulmonary artery or Potts)</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; "> Drugs (e.g. beta-blocker) can even be used.AVOID SYSTEMIC VASODILATORS as they compromise venous return</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">Address item with phlebotomy and replace blood volume with crystalloids.</span></li><li><span style="font-size: 100%; ">C</span><span style="font-size: 100%; ">age rest, oxygen and supportive therapy for metabolic acidosis.</span></li></ul><div><br /></div><div>Source: Tetralogy of fallot; emedicine.medscape.com, Tetralogy of fallot; www.tetralogyoffallot, Common heart disease in dogs; Cute home pets, </div></div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; "></span> </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div></span><div style="font-weight: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-20636451952494910702012-02-21T07:10:00.006-08:002012-02-21T08:01:08.780-08:00Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (pink eye)<div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; text-align: justify; ">This semester takes me on a endless marathon. To get in class on time, with 3 times a week presentation and followup treatment upon every case we encountered. My weekends are not meant to be free.Not to mentioned the subjects I need to head over heel with and struggling to carry out my duty as in educational and social activities.</span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><span style="font-size: 100%; "><br /></span></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; ">Owh, I really need a break to catch up. Didn't have much time to write my blog</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: justify; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlTVzxumDGVq3VNqa5ghb82Nv_bEi9AH1nvbzHPdca4WcyOS3iWlBoxkvhUNU12Fb4A2FPhN2SXwOkWwnBxQkIekZXLCvGjPZF1bi38DDUhGAGLxfn6VHaK8o4jeIJa3M137wl34177kA/s400/Photo0964.jpg" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; ">Tonight (11.16 PM) we will come into one of my case studies- Moraxella bovis (pink eye)</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">*******************************************************</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><img 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" /> </div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; ">Pink eye in cattle</div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: center; "><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; "></div><span><span><span><span><br />Pinkeye (infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis or New Forest eye) is a common infectious disease affecting the eyes of cattle. The name describes the redness and inflammation of the lining of the eyelid and eyeball. Although pinkeye is non-fatal, it has a marked economic impact on the cattle industry. It is known to occur at all seasons of the year and in all breeds of cattle. </span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span ></span></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">It is a highly contagious disease, causing inflammation of the cornea (the clear outer layer) and conjunctiva (the pink membrane lining the eyelids) of the eye. It will also cause ulceration, which looks like a hole or depression in the cornea. The incidence of pinkeye increases in spring, peaks in the summer, and decreases in the fall. Pinkeye results in mild to severe disease and, in approximately 2 percent of the cases, will cause blindness.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjWiv3y-VpvB7_GKzJf8HHfxClAqS9iFelUmIoR4-yj3zl908IqlOyRwS6xLTc8LIE9tfK8ETKWl4ewYiUGFURI5dhhVfXF2vgiaZKpEpKiNIl5pK-QURwFwFwJrl0SRbuGzBKZBHlyU-M/s400/Photo0977.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Infected cattle with severe discharge and face flies</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(69, 101, 124); "><span ></span></span> </div></span></span><span><span><div><span><span><br /></span></span></div><b>Etiology and transmission</b></span></span><div><b><br /></b><div><span><span><b><div></div></b></span></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Moraxella bovis</b> is the primary infectious agent initiating pinkeye. Other microorganisms initiating pinkeye include Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, and Acholeplasma, or viruses such as the Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis (IBR) virus, which can either add to the severity of the disease process or may serve as predisposing factors permitting a secondary infection with M. bovis.Other factors instrumental in causing eye irritation, thereby allowing for invasion of M. bovis and subsequent disease, are excessive ultraviolet light (sunlight), the face fly (Musca autumnalis), the house fly (Musca domestica), the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans), plant material, and dust.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSNF62f6J896Ud5ZxY8WQaUxgE9Ds_Iw8Z0Qti73OqnLWcIU4XlncYFFg0BXg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: center;">Moraxella bovis is a Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive diplococcus</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Ultraviolet (UV) light is especially a problem for cattle lacking pigmentation around the eye. Lack of pigmentation allows increased UV radiation to sensitize the eye, resulting in inflammation and subsequent infection.Flies not only serve as irritants as they feed on secretions from the eye, but they also serve as a means of <b>transmitting </b>M. bovis from infected to non-infected animals. Face flies can remain infected with M. bovis up to three days following feeding on infected material. Under experimental conditions, disease transmission is uncommon without the presence of face flies and is common with flies present.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><div></div></div></span><div style="text-align: justify;">Transmission of M. bovis occurs through <b>direct contact, flies, and in-animate objects.</b> The organism is located in the <b>eyes and nasal cavities</b> of infected cattle. Infected secretions from these areas are a source of infection for other cattle. Infected, asymptomatic (no symptoms) cattle may serve as carriers, and will harbor M. bovis in their nasal cavities for a period that may exceed one year. These carrier animals allow for the persistence of pinkeye at a particular site from year to year. Ultraviolet radiation, face flies, growing plants, and pollen production are at their peak in the summer and fall, and account for the high incidence of pinkeye during this period. Weaning distress, increased concentration of cattle, increased exposure to other infectious agents (IBR virus, Mycoplasma, etc.), and hay feeding often are contributing factors to increased disease incidence in late fall, winter, and early spring.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Clinical signs</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">There are four stages of pinkeye. The disease may resolve at any of these stages while, without treatment, the most severe cases will progress through all four stages.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"></div></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Stage I: Cattle have excessive tearing and increased sensitivity to light. They will blink frequently and there is redness along the eyelids. Cattle will often seek shade, which will decrease their grazing time. Pain associated with pinkeye also decreases their feed intake. Stage I will progress to a small ulcer in the center of the cornea which appears as a small white spot. The cornea develops a slightly cloudy grey appearance due to inflammation. One or both eyes may be affected. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-750/L_IMG_stage1.jpg" alt="stage1.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Stage II: The clinical signs described in Stage I continue, but the ulcer spreads across the cornea. As more inflammation occurs, the cornea becomes increasingly cloudy. At this point, some of the dark color of the iris can still be seen. Blood vessels from the outside portion of the cornea begin to grow across the cornea to help with healing. These blood vessels make the cornea appear pink, which is how the disease received its name.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(50, 83, 104); font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(237, 239, 230); "></span> </div></span></span><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-750/L_IMG_stage2.jpg" alt="stage2.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span><span><br /><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Stage III: The ulcer covers most of the cornea and the inflammation continues to spread into the inner parts of the eye. When this occurs, the inside of the eye fills with fibrin, which is a pus-like substance that gives the eye a yellow appearance versus the typical brown appearance.</div></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-750/L_IMG_stage3.jpg" alt="stage3.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Stage IV: The ulcer extends completely through the cornea, and the iris may protrude through the ulcer. The iris will become stuck in the cornea even after healing. This may lead to glaucoma or persistent swelling of the eye. This eye will be partially or completely blind. The eye may go on to completely rupture, and will develop a shrunken appearance or enlarge if glaucoma (increased eye pressure) is present. This eye will be permanently blind. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-750/L_IMG_stage4.jpg" alt="stage4.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Inactive scar: Once healing occurs (except Stage IV) the blood vessels will recede, but the eye may continue to be a cloudy blue color. The blue appearance may eventually resolve and the eye appears clear again. In other cases, depending on the severity of the disease, a white scar may be present even after full resolution of the disease.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-750/L_IMG_scar.jpg" alt="scar.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Diagnosis</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">In all species, presumptive diagnosis is based on ocular signs and concurrent systemic disease. It is important to distinguish that the lesions are not due to foreign bodies or parasites. In IBR, upper respiratory signs and conjunctivitis predominate, while keratitis accompanied by ulceration is rare. In bovine malignant catarrhal fever, respiratory signs are prominent with primary uveitis and associated keratitis.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Microbial culture may be beneficial in confirming the causative organisms. Chlamydophila and Mycoplasma spp require special media; the diagnostic laboratory should be consulted prior to sample collection. Cytologic evaluation of stained slides prepared from conjunctival scrapings of sheep and goats may reveal Chlamydophila or Mycoplasma organisms. However, the intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies can be difficult to recognize. PCR analysis can be used to detect Chlamydophila and Mycoplasma spp .</div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Treatment</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div></span></span></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Early treatment of cattle with pinkeye is important, not only for a successful outcome of the individual animal affected, but also to stop the shedding of the bacteria to decrease the risk of transmission to other cattle.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Stage I: Long-acting tetracyclines (Biomycin 200®, LA200®, or their generic equivalents) are effective at this stage of infection. The recommended dose is 4.5 cc per 100 pounds of body weight subcutaneously (SQ). A second injection given 48 to 72 hours later may increase the percentage of cattle that responds to treatment. Another option is to inject penicillin and dexamethasone into the bulbar conjunctiva. The bulbar conjunctiva is the thin membrane that covers the white portion (or sclera) of the eye. If the injection is performed correctly, the conjunctiva will swell and a bulge should be seen in this area. A veterinarian, or someone who has been specifically trained by a veterinarian, should perform this procedure. Injections placed in the wrong area are ineffective in treating pinkeye and could damage the eye.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Stage II: Both tetracycline and a bulbar conjunctival injection are administered at the above dosages</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/400/400-750/L_IMG_injection1.jpg" alt="injection1.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Bulbar conjunctival injection</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></span></span></span></span></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Stage III: Tetracycline and a bulbar conjunctival injection are administered in conjunction with either an eye patch, suturing the third eyelid over the eye, or suturing the eyelids shut. This makes the eye more comfortable, reducing further irritation, and, therefore, reducing tearing and shedding of the bacteria. Suturing the third eyelid over the eye and suturing the eyelid shut also have the advantage of supporting a fragile cornea to help prevent corneal rupture. Again, this procedure should be done by a veterinarian or someone who has been adequately trained.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></span></span><span><span><br />Stage IV: Same treatment as Stage III</span></span></div><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: left;">** In my case, I only use terramycin spray</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjLLnG2nHEEjVCZZCrNA2PtaLGd-31czzOEivsRuYUofq8gC4jSPlslcUKBqkVOjlSRnq5BNAumPccnWwALVtoNtrspjiFE9baYGlQa1k2eZ9VHEF735t2GrqTeQLhOrKO2EGwDAzXxN-E/s400/Photo1014.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Prevention</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Fly control - continues to be necessary due to isolated areas in with a significant face fly population. Insecticide fly tags, sprays, charged backrubbers, and dusts bags are products that can provide chemical control. Manure, weed, and brush management are necessary for total fly control.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Grass, weed, and brush control - Grazing management, brush beating, mowing, and spraying, minimize pollen and mechanical irritation.</div></span></span></div><div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Hay and/or feed bunk management - lower overhead hay feeders, spread hay out, do not feed hay containing mature seed heads or cheat grass in overhead feeders or in round bales, increase bunk space to decrease direct contact.Ultraviolet light (sun light) - breed for eyelid pigmentation, introduce Brahman influence into the herd, provide shade or tree rows with ample room to prevent overcrowding.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Disease management – provide proper immunization against viral diseases (IBR and BVD), isolate infected animals, and decrease environmental and nutritional distress. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></span></span><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Ultraviolet light (sun light) - breed for eyelid pigmentation, introduce Brahman influence into the herd, provide shade or tree rows with ample room to prevent overcrowding. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></span></span><span><span>Vaccination – Commercial and autogenous pinkeye vaccines are available.</span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><b><div></div></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Sources: Pinkeye in beef cattle:Virginia coorperative extension, Pink eye in cattle Okhlahoma cooperative extension service, The Merck's veterinary manual 10th ed</div><span><span> </span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span><br /></span><div><div style="font-family: Georgia, serif; font-size: 100%; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: normal; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><br /></div></div></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-746007511759523342012-02-11T00:49:00.000-08:002012-02-11T04:13:28.917-08:00Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT)<div style="text-align: justify;">I have came across this topic in class few days ago.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">****************************************************</div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://animalnepal.org/drupalnews/sites/default/files/images/Asha%20-%20low%20reso.jpg" alt="Asha - low reso.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">A dog suffering from TVT</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Introduction and etiology</b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Canine transmissible venereal tumor (CTVT), also called transmissible venereal tumor (TVT), Canine transmissible venereal sarcoma (CTVS), Sticker tumor and infectious sarcoma is a histiocytic tumor of the dog and other canids that mainly affects the <b>external genitalia</b>, and is transmitted from animal to animal during copulation or social behavior such as sniffing and licking. It is one of only three known transmissible cancers; another is Devil facial tumor disease, a cancer which occurs in Tasmanian devils. <span style="text-align: left; ">Females are slightly more prone to tumor development than males. It occurs more commonly in young dogs. </span><span style="text-align: left; ">TVT may also can be transmitted from the infected bitch to puppies</span></div><br class="Apple-interchange-newline"><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img 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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div>Sniffing (or licking) of healthy intact dog may predispose the transmission of the TVT fromthe infected dog during sexual or social behaviour</div><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="text-align: left; "><br /></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: verdana, arial, geneva, helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; text-indent: 18px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><div style="text-align: justify;">TVT are cauliflower-like, pedunculated, and nodular, papillary, or multilobulated in appearance. They range in size from a small nodule (5 mm) to a large mass (>10 cm) that is firm, though friable. The surface is often ulcerated and inflamed and bleeds easily. TVT may be solitary or multiple and are almost always located on the genitalia. They may be transplanted to adjacent skin and oral, nasal, or conjunctival mucosae. The tumor may arise deep within the prepuce or vagina and be difficult to see during cursory examination. This may lead to misdiagnosis if genital bleeding is incorrectly assumed to be hematuria. The tumor is transplanted from site to site and dog to dog by <b>direct contact</b> with the mass. Initially, TVT grow rapidly. Metastasis is uncommon (5%). When metastasis occurs, it is usually to the regional lymph nodes, but kidney, spleen, eye, brain, pituitary, skin and subcutis, mesenteric lymph nodes, and peritoneum may also be sites.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="data:image/jpeg;base64,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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Lesions of TVT on the penis of an infected dog</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Up until this moment, there is no exact etiology of how the tumor can be transmitted to the dog. It was believed that the virus is the media that transmits the tumor genes, but there is no clear cut explanation of how this can occur.</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Signs and symptom</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;">The infected dogs/pups may experience</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><ul><li>A visible mass on the penis or vagina (note the external genitalia)</li><li>Blood dripping from the penis or vagina</li><li>Frequent licking of the genetalia</li><li>Similar masses in the mouth or nose (tumors can spread to these sites from direct contact)</li></ul><div><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img 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" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Spreading of TVT to the head</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Diagnosis</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">History and physical exam. It is important to know the animal's sexual history. Physical exam should reveal a reddened, possibly bleeding, lobulated tumor. This may not be apparent without careful examination, as it may be covered by the sheath of the penis or the vulva. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div></span><span><span><br />Fine needle aspirate. Aspiration of cells from the mass using a needle and syringe usually yields a diagnosis. The cells are examined microscopically to characterize the tumor type.</span></span><div><br /></div><div><div style="text-align: justify;">Fine-needle aspiration reveals a moderately cellular sample of discrete round cells. Anisocytosis (irregular size of cell) and anisokaryosis (irregular size of nucleoli) may be present but usually are not prominent. A few cells may be binucleate. Individual cells usually have a round to reniform nucleus with inapparent nucleoli. Folds or clefts in the nuclear membrane sometimes produce a unique appearance called a "butt cell" (wherein the nucleus resembles buttocks). The cytoplasm is typically light blue and lacks both vacuoles and granules. Mitotic figures are common. Inflammatory cells, especially lymphocytes and plasma cells, are often dispersed among the tumor cells, especially during regression of the neoplasm.</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/clerk/Nesbit/Fig3ADJ.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 11px; text-align: -webkit-left; background-color: rgb(252, 252, 252); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: center;">Histiocytoma, Wright-Leishman stain. Neoplastic cells have a round to oval nucleus and light blue cytoplasm that lacks vacuoles and granules. A mitosis (bottom center) and "butt cell" (upper left) also are present. </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b></b></div><span><span><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Complete blood count and biochemical profile. These are routine blood tests that should be performed prior to medical treatment of the tumor. They should be normal in animals with TVT.</div></span></span><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span><br style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Treatment</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; "></a></div></span><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Chemotherapy is very effective for TVT, but surgery alone often leads to recurrence. Surgery may be difficult due to the location of these tumors. The prognosis for complete remission with chemotherapy is excellent.The most common chemotherapy agents used for TVT are vincristine, vinblastine, and doxorubicin.Radiation therapy may be effective when chemotherapy does not work.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://i293.photobucket.com/albums/mm55/cfdphotos/Medical%20Conditions/daeng20feb300.jpg" alt="Daeng 1st treatment" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Before treatment</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="http://i293.photobucket.com/albums/mm55/cfdphotos/Medical%20Conditions/Daeng22Mar300.jpg" alt="Daeng after just a month" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Effect of treatment after 1 month</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b>Home care and Prevention</b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><b><br /></b></div><div style="text-align: left;"><span style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: Verdana; font-size: 13px; line-height: 20px; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div><span><div style="text-align: justify;">Monitor for response to therapy and prevent self-trauma by putting an Elizabethan collar on per dogs. Spay or neuter the dogs and do not allow exposure to unknown dogs.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sources: TVT, Wikipedia.org, TVT, petplace.com, Merck's veterianary manual, Canine round cell tumor, Vet.clinical pathology clerckship program</div></span><span><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /></span></span><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><span style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; text-align: -webkit-auto; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></span></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3378970415267298122.post-42402791737166276212012-02-09T06:46:00.000-08:002012-02-09T08:02:47.284-08:00Histopathology: Tissue slide preparation<div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><span style="text-align: justify; ">Hey guys, I have just started sem 6 this week and it was very tiring week I guess. Nevermind about that, today I would like to repost about preparation of histology slide because initially it was in my blog's draft due to limited information and I have no time to review. But few days ago, I was assigned to find a pathology case in VSD and they gave me an opportunity to prepare the histopath slide of myself!. Here's the real photos</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">************************************************************</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><b>Histopahology tissue slide preparation</b></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">1. Organ sample</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhbsKBmCJrcAvTaG3DiXtzZvEGjxVBjztvxc9vUHedJGKrSa-MAWKK7vOei_87YD3CLBBIUkmERb-oxWLV45ckvmQNdsY6Vv3WyqdRA7FxNvYm70h3Wik2j9eZhAekHkOrBjhagZhVLVY/s400/Photo0848.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">After post mortem, the organ sample is taken in put in the bottle with 10% buffered formalin. If the size of organ is too big (eg Bull), cut of approximately 1.5 cm square area. Cut only the area of the organs showing the abnormalities (eg haemorrhage, ulceration)</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The organ sample in the formalin is left overnight (at least-to proceed next process) to allow full absorption of the formalin. The function of formalin is to preserve the sample and kills the bacteria causing autolysis. The pH must be 7.2 (thats why the formalin is added with buffered)</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">2. Trimming of tissues</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCuHQG4Uzhse-D4Izrg7pMKjnygD1T4xXyAz-UsdLtjPWGM89G8JZpb5f-sSzV0nNmEdzkR9erwvj8u-lhAVHI1n3qJw4qsXacuz9zN_DjvTojRrw8wNMieCHH9jTx1jxEOCmDw9Gq-iE/s400/Photo0850.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Trimming of organ</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgjQAnOm6VAYzhCFX9Bl6nGPa6Dup45jsbT99LOqL9rywEVfQMJe8pl1UEduGWb_cKbBDs3OrmDBXqxTnd2B0fio0UoDjjwbgf4RG8Js3GUbUQQgrhIE2ZDTbHRMak9pbSJwrhrFeJtGGY/s400/Photo0854.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Tissue cassette</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">When the organ is taken out from the formalin, it goes to the second step that is trimming of organ sample into small pieces. The organ is cut in various shapes, such as triangular or square shape (depends of pathologist's preference) and next is place in the tissue cassette. The best suggestion is to put abnormal piece of organ such as kidney together with the normal piece of kidney in the same tissue cassette to allow the pathologist to distinguish the normal cell and abnormal cell of the particular organ.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">4. Tissue processing- Dehydration</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgqI9abdXbQVttSwGQDOCUceQhnSQsCzXq8UarRhM7b5H3EJ4HQv61pY9uq5WcuH3D3dpZUzktNVWtkS3jBxx1hZNaOXSK4FpuqCLYRL6RaRFPO5G8XiQPxLyoAwBAaqdJ9sE7cWrRhr8A/s400/Photo0860.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Modern Histokinate</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the tissue is fixed into the cassette, next it must be place in the histokinate for dehydration process. The tissue is immersed automatically in the low concentration of alcohol to high concentration of alcohol (100%) Once the tissue is dehydrated, next it is immersed in the xylene or chloroform to clear the water and covered with wax to made the tissue easier to cut in the later process. The dehydration process takes about 24 hours.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">5. Tissue processing- Embedding with paraffin</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUmPT0a_PqliJb2SFkmdJSWxmFwwyASVcP_a94gOapiM2j4McTg_hKnDSN0O72KwGcjK20z8yYJuMLfmwnl5apr2ZCkxXRVQnenn8T4UiM2twVLj79I1cyvpKB6I6ovnzp-8dOGQevSJs/s400/Photo0874.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Embedding in the paraffin wax</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhDOwkAAtseyjHa6yYNgnZlxLGmTG07ypriyTLHl5AlRDNo5pB5rJLeS7931zZVs6Mt0ER56-1uGT-wVoHhjiskaZJ9dxNyLGjNSJVFgShbockQa1iNvF6Zfmrc66OOnSoDM-ksHNKv-4c/s400/Photo0886.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Tissue block</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">When the tissues is taken out from the histokinate, it will be taken to the embedding machine (I forgot the name!) to start to make paraffin block. The block is made from the melting paraffin wax and it will freeze within about 2 minute within the cassette. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">6. Tissue processing- Cutting the sample</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgniS486cMMsgYAQh5OGrA_DDNHYLgfV0JHhVYtZv9zJZ7UkQa4eF67Mp1yMl-Jzr02kynL524FWz59oIqlHgWBCZ_OIStw59zjByd0894KypFv1XphThfr-f6GWosWUfCNxSB6QBTBrLw/s400/Photo0884.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Tissue block on the microtome</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The tissue block is now can be trim and cut by using microtome. The microtome's function is to cut the tissue block into a very thin piece of film (about 5 micrometer). One must ensure to trim the tissue carefully before taking the film to put in the water bath.</div><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">7. Tissue processing- "Fishing" in the water bath</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjS67MiUawIea8vlY7rGJvHZbeLhdTalSWuBDnKvkDph_nxjwhWlK1WCxZFBreU2eB0zL5U-ytNFYSnjL6FPaC-Ctrlp9TQaZ6TgJfi4lFul5143OoE8INWpbj6f1O_-VLQUWWXMVS9khI/s400/Photo0893.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Tissue's film in the water bath</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">The tissue's film must be immersed in the water bath (45 degree celcius) to remove the wax for staining purposes later. A glass slide covered with 1 drop of albumin is used to "fish" the film from the water bath. The function of the albumin is to adhere the film into the center of the slide.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRX5Te7fplK9v-MxogOqnsG8sxhJkOLfSnAwz5f2LAUIEsp3xibNsDOge0wJi9UsT4pKCLeBpVk57frfvorZUzkZG_ktwBqYH6_RDFGUof6iSrYtDd_KxJxTIxcDcM2uGDMUFXHrwMhbI/s400/Photo0894.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Fishing the film</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">8. Tissue processing- Rehydration, staining and dehydration</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the tissue is adhere to the slide, proceed to the rehydration process. Rehydration process is to allow to tissue to gain water and therefore able to pick up the stain (H&E) to be able to see under the light microscope. The process is begins with immersion of the slide into the xylene 1, xylene 2 and xylene 3, 100% alcohol ---> 75% alcohol ---> distilled water ---> hematoxyline--> distilled water ---> 0.5% alcohol acid ---> 0.1% lithium carbonate --> 0.5% eosine--> alcohol concentration from low to high (75%, 90%, 100%,100%,100%) ---> xylene</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEii9E-9LIkSJYdTWam1rK13ncd9uCc4sXoGg0VCMv5bhKvSd6qVpZ8i3BMPcREXvWU25gFXwrSklguNX7U3K3ob-1U7tuK763eXVUqQAwC4J_f42aweiVG9VYGRz2ZO6ywBgJVJ_8ichRo/s400/Photo0902.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">The staining materials</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">9. Tissue processing- Mounting</div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUvBQwPNmEDPCrA42IauKeYF2H81p-zE29Xz9eaz3Up3mXijgtKnaUDN-001bDSW8US9wAvJ0GIRT1Yv7ehIOqjE9cH6sZ5j7xJUnEO7KDyLK3WNYQHGzGx2TM42ptFzdABfjzxZcQBy8/s400/Photo0914.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">After the slide has been stained, a cover slip must be put on top of the sample. Before that, depex is applied on the sample and mounted with a cover slip. The function of Depex is to fixed the tissue slide so that it is become adhere and therefore it does not remove from the slide. Once the mounting is done, the tissue slide is now ready to be observe under the light microscope.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjMpaUzVZJENbL193I993q3Ihnz7Jr4LYm88rYk-TlJB7iQk7B9tLZqtiVN5mW_t0rXkZdJOYOv3Nd-xMesUwF60SsmFgwgivSiAiQlXQS94N3LeHKh7WyRiEDhc-JkUrfdLXPs0VI_sxc/s400/Photo0913.jpg" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Label the slide, and histopath complete!</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><img src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEisEFUX5lO9LplgHUtrdCb9YIVlTAAEu4sfhdy3s2i1VsZUNm8mDv1u8Vt8hIEgkC7r7CykTM68HhoM014bAhxXwop3mDlu-KRYjTHQX7nMhuSPHHNHJ6Zjj-KCPJOhyd4RRswleoS9jIM/s400/photo+5.JPG" /> </div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;">Read it for me please?</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;">Sources: Pathology Unit: Veterinary Service Department Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu,Kelantan</div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: left;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: center;"><br /></div>Aina Meduccihttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12216227838657744525noreply@blogger.com1